Have to, must and should for obligation and advice

We use have to / must / should + infinitive to talk about obligation, things that are necessary to do, or to give advice about things that are a good idea to do. Must and have to are both used for obligation and are often quite similar. They are both followed by the infinitive. I must go now. / I have to go now. Are these exactly the same? Well, almost. I must remember to get a present for Daisy. Which verb do people use more? Have to is more frequent in conversation; must is used more in formal writing, for example in written notices. Passengers must fasten their seat-belts. Do they change in form for I, you, he, she, etc.? Have changes in the third person singular (he/she/it has); but must doesn’t change. I think I’ve heard have got to. Yes, we use both have got to, for obligation, and had better, for advice, a lot in speaking. So they’re not used in formal writing? No. You mustn’t forget ... Umm, I’m still a bit confused ... Ah! No, you mustn’t! I see. Yes, exactly.

The present continuous We use the present continuous (am/is/are + -ing) to talk about temporary things which have begun but haven't finished. They are often happening now, at this moment. Here are some examples of things happening now. I'm just uploading some photos to Facebook and I'm sending a message to Billie. We're all riding camels and the sun's shining. They're waiting for me to get off the phone! I'm not sure what 'temporary' means. Yes, absolutely! OK, I see what you mean. Yes, I’m glad you asked me that. At eight I’m meeting Lucas, just for a quick coffee. What about questions and negatives? For questions you just change round the subject and the verb to be. Are you working hard for the exam? For negatives you add not after the verb to be. You're not really studying at all, are you? That's fine, but I suppose there are some spelling rules for –ing forms? Yes, you're right. have - having ride - riding If a verb ends in a vowel + a consonant, the consonant is usually doubled before you add –ing. Whoops!

British Council | Christmas Scene 1 Ashlie: Oh hi, Stephen. You made it then! Stephen: Hi, Ashlie, I thought we were going Christmas shopping, not ice-skating. Ashlie: Oh, we are. But I saw the rink and ice-skating is so much fun. It’s almost as much fun as shopping! Stephen: It’s Christmas Eve and this is the Tower of London Ice Rink. Ashlie: We’re cooking dinner for the family this year. Stephen: And we’ve still got lots of presents to buy. Ashlie: Oh come on, Stephen. Stephen: Stop showing off. Ashlie: Come on then. Stephen: It’s not as difficult as it looks. Ashlie: Stephen, you’re going in the wrong direction. Ashlie: Stephen! Stephen: Oh, sorry! Stephen: Oh, I love Christmas, Ash. Ashlie: I know. Stephen: Wow, look at these. Ashlie: Well, maybe we could get something for the tree. Stephen: Those are really boring. Ashlie: Mmm, well, I’m not sure. Stephen: No way! Ashlie: Well, I suppose so. Stephen: Presents - of course. Ashlie: Bye! Stephen: There... perfect! Ashlie: Stephen! Ashlie: No, I really don’t. Stephen: OK.

Future forms We have different ways of talking about the future. We often use going to (+ infinitive), the present continuous (to be + -ing) or will (+ infinitive). The structure we use depends on the function of what we want to say, whether we are talking about arrangements, plans, predictions, etc. I thought will was the future tense in English. It’s one of the ways of talking about the future, but there are a few others. Oliver’ll be back soon. We also use will when we decide something at the moment of speaking. (The doorbell rings) I’ll get it. So, you sometimes use the verb think before will? Yes, that’s very common. I’m sure you’ll have a good time. You said will is used for decisions made at the moment of speaking. Then we can use either the present continuous or going to (+ infinitive). Amy’s coming round. Is there a difference between them? We use the present continuous more for arrangements with other people and be + going to + infinitive for intentions. Yes, that’s correct. No. Look out! Yes.

History of Halloween - Halloween When Is Halloween 2023? Halloween is celebrated each year on October 31. Halloween 2023 will take place on Tuesday, October 31. Ancient Origins of Halloween Halloween’s origins date back to the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain (pronounced sow-in). This day marked the end of summer and the harvest and the beginning of the dark, cold winter, a time of year that was often associated with human death. Haunted History of Halloween In addition to causing trouble and damaging crops, Celts thought that the presence of the otherworldly spirits made it easier for the Druids, or Celtic priests, to make predictions about the future. To commemorate the event, Druids built huge sacred bonfires, where the people gathered to burn crops and animals as sacrifices to the Celtic deities. When the celebration was over, they re-lit their hearth fires, which they had extinguished earlier that evening, from the sacred bonfire to help protect them during the coming winter. Did you know? All Saints' Day