Second-order cybernetics Second-order cybernetics, also known as the cybernetics of cybernetics, investigates the construction of models of cybernetic systems. It investigates cybernetics with awareness that the investigators are part of the system, and of the importance of self-referentiality, self-organizing, the subject–object problem, etc. Investigators of a system can never see how it works by standing outside it because the investigators are always engaged cybernetically with the system being observed; that is, when investigators observe a system, they affect and are affected by it. Overview[edit] The anthropologists Gregory Bateson and Margaret Mead contrasted first and second-order cybernetics with this diagram in an interview in 1973.[1] It emphasizes the requirement for a possibly constructivist participant observer in the second order case: . . . essentially your ecosystem, your organism-plus-environment, is to be considered as a single circuit.[1] See also[edit] Gyroteleostasis References[edit]
Henry Stapp Henry Stapp (born 1928) is an American physicist, known for his work in quantum mechanics.[1] Biography[edit] Stapp received his PhD in particle physics at the University of California, Berkeley, under the supervision of Nobel Laureates Emilio Segrè and Owen Chamberlain. While there, he was a member of the Berkeley Fundamental Fysiks Group, founded in May 1975 by Elizabeth Rauscher and George Weissmann, which met weekly to discuss philosophy and quantum physics.[2] Stapp moved to ETH Zurich to do post-doctoral work under Wolfgang Pauli. During this period he composed an article called "Mind, Matter and Quantum Mechanics," which he did not submit for publication, but which became the title of his 1993 book. He is retired from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,[4] but remains a member of its scientific staff.[5] Consciousness[edit] Some of Stapp's work concerns the implications of quantum mechanics for consciousness. Other fields of research[edit] See also[edit] References[edit]
Holon (philosophy) A holon (Greek: ὅλον, holon neuter form of ὅλος, holos "whole") is something that is simultaneously a whole and a part. The word was coined by Arthur Koestler in his book The Ghost in the Machine (1967, p. 48). Koestler was compelled by two observations in proposing the notion of the holon. The first observation was influenced by Nobel Prize winner Herbert A. Simon's parable of the two watchmakers, wherein Simon concludes that complex systems will evolve from simple systems much more rapidly if there are stable intermediate forms present in that evolutionary process than if they are not present.[1] The second observation was made by Koestler himself in his analysis of hierarchies and stable intermediate forms in both living organisms and social organizations. He concluded that, although it is easy to identify sub-wholes or parts, wholes and parts in an absolute sense do not exist anywhere. A hierarchy of holons is called a holarchy. Jump up ^ Simon, Herbert A. (1969).
Inferiority complex An inferiority complex is a lack of self-worth, a doubt and uncertainty, and feelings of not measuring up to standards. It is often subconscious, and is thought to drive afflicted individuals to overcompensate, resulting either in spectacular achievement or extreme asocial behavior.[1] The term was coined to indicate a lack of covert self-esteem.[2] For many, it is developed through a combination of genetic personality characteristics and personal experiences. Classifications[edit] Classical Adlerian psychology makes a distinction between primary and secondary inferiority feelings. Feeling inferior is often viewed as being inferior to another person, but this is not always the case in the Adlerian view. History[edit] Causes[edit] An inferiority complex occurs when the feelings of inferiority are intensified in the individual through discouragement or failure. Performance impact[edit] References[edit]
Living systems Some scientists have proposed in the last few decades that a general living systems theory is required to explain the nature of life.[1] Such general theory, arising out of the ecological and biological sciences, attempts to map general principles for how all living systems work. Instead of examining phenomena by attempting to break things down into components, a general living systems theory explores phenomena in terms of dynamic patterns of the relationships of organisms with their environment.[2] Theory[edit] Living systems theory is a general theory about the existence of all living systems, their structure, interaction, behavior and development. This work is created by James Grier Miller, which was intended to formalize the concept of life. Miller said that systems exist at eight "nested" hierarchical levels: cell, organ, organism, group, organization, community, society, and supranational system. The processors of matter–energy are: The processors of information are Limitations[edit]
Alfred Adler Alfred W. Adler[1] (February 7, 1870 – May 28, 1937) was an Austrian medical doctor, psychotherapist, and founder of the school of individual psychology.[2] His emphasis on the importance of feelings of inferiority[3]—the inferiority complex—is recognized as isolating an element which plays a key role in personality development.[4] Alfred Adler considered human beings as an individual whole, therefore he called his psychology "Individual Psychology" (Orgler 1976). Adler was the first to emphasize the importance of the social element in the re-adjustment process of the individual and who carried psychiatry into the community.[5] Influence on depth psychology[edit] Personal life[edit] Alfred Adler was born at Mariahilfer Straße 208[16] in Rudolfsheim, a place near Vienna at the time but today part of Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus, the 15th district of Vienna. In 1895 Adler received a medical degree from the University of Vienna. Author and journalist Margot Adler is Adler's granddaughter. Career[edit]
Systems science Impression of systems thinking about society. Systems science is an interdisciplinary field that studies the nature of complex systems in nature, society, and science itself. It aims to develop interdisciplinary foundations that are applicable in a variety of areas, such as engineering, biology, medicine, and social sciences.[1] Systems science covers formal sciences such as complex systems, cybernetics, dynamical systems theory, and systems theory, and applications in the field of the natural and social sciences and engineering, such as control theory, operations research, social systems theory, systems biology, systems dynamics, systems ecology, systems engineering and systems psychology.[2] Theories[edit] Since the emergence of the General Systems Research in the 1950s,[3] systems thinking and systems science have developed into many theoretical frameworks. Systems notes of Henk Bikker, TU Delft, 1991 Systems analysis Systems design System dynamics Systems engineering Systems Methodologies
Jeffrey M. Schwartz-neuroplasticity and its application to OCD For the American anthropologist, see Jeffrey H. Schwartz. Jeffrey M. Biography[edit] Schwartz received a bachelors with honors in philosophy and then pursued a career in the medical sciences. Schwartz is a researcher in the field of self-directed neuroplasticity. For his book The Mind and the Brain: Neuroplasticity and the Power of Mental Force, Schwartz collaborated with Sharon Begley. His book Brain Lock:Free Yourself from Obsessive-Compulsive Behavior argues that OCD can be self-treated by following four steps. Intelligent Design[edit] Schwartz appeared in the 2008 Film Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed, in which he told interviewer Ben Stein that science should not be separated from religion. When we see an elite, and it is an elite, an elite that controls essentially all the research money in science saying there is no such thing as moral truth, [that] science will not be related to religion. Publications[edit] Books[edit] Articles[edit] Schwartz, J. References[edit] External links[edit]