Timeline of the universe | Science Using observatories on the earth and in space, astronomers have been able to study the nature of the cosmos in unprecedented detail. By analysing the motion of distant galaxies, they have discovered that the whole cosmos is expanding under the influence of forces unleashed at its birth in the big bang. Combined with studies of the radiation left over from that primordial explosion, they have found that the universe was born 13.7bn years ago, give or take 200m years. Pinning down the date of creation with such precision is impressive, but scientists have gone much further. 10^-43 seconds Known as the Planck Era, this is the closest that current physics can get to the absolute beginning of time. 10^-35 seconds The so-called Grand Unification Era, at the end of which the superforce begins to break apart into the constituent forces we see today. 10^-32 seconds 10^-11 seconds 10^-6 seconds 200 seconds 300,000 years 200m years 0.5bn - 1bn years 9bn years 9.1bn years
Vacuum energy Vacuum energy is an underlying background energy that exists in space throughout the entire Universe. One contribution to the vacuum energy may be from virtual particles which are thought to be particle pairs that blink into existence and then annihilate in a timespan too short to observe. They are expected to do this everywhere, throughout the Universe. Their behavior is codified in Heisenberg's energy–time uncertainty principle. Still, the exact effect of such fleeting bits of energy is difficult to quantify. The effects of vacuum energy can be experimentally observed in various phenomena such as spontaneous emission, the Casimir effect and the Lamb shift, and are thought to influence the behavior of the Universe on cosmological scales. Origin[edit] Summing over all possible oscillators at all points in space gives an infinite quantity. Additional contributions to the vacuum energy come from spontaneous symmetry breaking in quantum field theory. Implications[edit] [citation needed]
Arthur Eddington British astrophysicist (1882–1944) Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington OM FRS[2] (28 December 1882 – 22 November 1944) was an English astronomer, physicist, and mathematician. He was also a philosopher of science and a populariser of science. The Eddington limit, the natural limit to the luminosity of stars, or the radiation generated by accretion onto a compact object, is named in his honour. Around 1920, he anticipated the discovery and mechanism of nuclear fusion processes in stars, in his paper "The Internal Constitution of the Stars".[3][4] At that time, the source of stellar energy was a complete mystery; Eddington was the first to correctly speculate that the source was fusion of hydrogen into helium. Eddington wrote a number of articles that announced and explained Einstein's theory of general relativity to the English-speaking world. Early years[edit] His father taught at a Quaker training college in Lancashire before moving to Kendal to become headmaster of Stramongate School.
Pigeonhole principle An image of pigeons in holes. Here there are n = 10 pigeons in m = 9 holes. Since 10 is greater than 9, the pigeonhole principle says that at least one hole has more than one pigeon. In mathematics, the pigeonhole principle states that if n items are put into m containers, with n > m, then at least one container must contain more than one item. This theorem is exemplified in real-life by truisms like "there must be at least two left gloves or two right gloves in a group of three gloves". It is an example of a counting argument, and despite seeming intuitive it can be used to demonstrate possibly unexpected results; for example, that two people in London have the same number of hairs on their heads (see below). The first formalization of the idea is believed to have been made by Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet in 1834 under the name Schubfachprinzip ("drawer principle" or "shelf principle"). Examples[edit] Softball team[edit] Sock-picking[edit] Hand-shaking[edit] Hair-counting[edit]
Unveiling the Mystics of Sacred Geometry Sacred Geometry, how can I find the words to describe it? The need for us to speak about Sacred Geometry was dire but as usual the need to be thorough delayed it. So a week after googling “Sacred Geometry” and trolling through a lot of esoteric links, my mind is exploding with information. There is so much more to put in, but let me try compiling what I have watched and learnt and hopefully we shall present a decent overview on this subject. Let me start with the basic, what is sacred geometry? These same laws can be applied to produce visual harmony. Sacred geometric ratios applied to music gives it healing powers to harmonize a body that is out of balance. Nature itself has so much Sacred Geometry to display and in the video itself you would have heard, if you are open to it, its everywhere! From the center of a Sunflower Sacred Geometry can be seen all around us, here we can see it in the center of the Sunflower. Leonardo da vinci drew the Vitruvian man based on the work of Vitruvius.
Quantum gravity Quantum gravity (QG) is a field of theoretical physics that seeks to describe the force of gravity according to the principles of quantum mechanics. Although a quantum theory of gravity is needed in order to reconcile general relativity with the principles of quantum mechanics, difficulties arise when one attempts to apply the usual prescriptions of quantum field theory to the force of gravity.[3] From a technical point of view, the problem is that the theory one gets in this way is not renormalizable and therefore cannot be used to make meaningful physical predictions. As a result, theorists have taken up more radical approaches to the problem of quantum gravity, the most popular approaches being string theory and loop quantum gravity.[4] Strictly speaking, the aim of quantum gravity is only to describe the quantum behavior of the gravitational field and should not be confused with the objective of unifying all fundamental interactions into a single mathematical framework.
LIGO The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) is a large-scale physics experiment and observatory to detect cosmic gravitational waves and to develop gravitational-wave observations as an astronomical tool.[1] Two large observatories were built in the United States with the aim of detecting gravitational waves by laser interferometry. These can detect a change in the 4 km mirror spacing of less than a ten-thousandth the charge diameter of a proton.[2] The initial LIGO observatories were funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and were conceived, built and are operated by Caltech and MIT.[3][4] They collected data from 2002 to 2010 but no gravitational waves were detected. LIGO is the largest and most ambitious project ever funded by the NSF.[11][12] In 2017, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Rainer Weiss, Kip Thorne and Barry C. As of December 2018, LIGO has made eleven detections of gravitational waves, of which ten are from binary black hole mergers.
Chaos theory A double rod pendulum animation showing chaotic behavior. Starting the pendulum from a slightly different initial condition would result in a completely different trajectory. The double rod pendulum is one of the simplest dynamical systems that has chaotic solutions. Chaos: When the present determines the future, but the approximate present does not approximately determine the future. Chaotic behavior can be observed in many natural systems, such as weather and climate.[6][7] This behavior can be studied through analysis of a chaotic mathematical model, or through analytical techniques such as recurrence plots and Poincaré maps. Introduction[edit] Chaos theory concerns deterministic systems whose behavior can in principle be predicted. Chaotic dynamics[edit] The map defined by x → 4 x (1 – x) and y → x + y mod 1 displays sensitivity to initial conditions. In common usage, "chaos" means "a state of disorder".[9] However, in chaos theory, the term is defined more precisely. where , and , is: .
How Does Theta Work | Quantum Theta The scientific basis of ThetaHealing® consists of two main categories, quantum and epigenetic: Quantum StuffWe are quantum beings. This simple fact is the beginning of understanding how and why ThetaHealing® works. We are not merely physical beings, made of matter. Scientists proved early in the last century that classical physics — that is, the theory that we are made up of solid sub-atomic particles whose activities can be understood and reliably predicted — is not entirely accurate. An important concept in both the quantum and the ThetaHealing® worlds is the observer effect: the fact that, as proven to surprised scientists in studies, the act of observation itself has a measurable effect on the behavior of sub-atomic particles. One more awesome aspect of quantum change: it is, by definition, fast. Electrons, as you may or may not remember from your high school science classes, orbit around the nucleus of an atom.