Dark energy Adding the cosmological constant to cosmology's standard FLRW metric leads to the Lambda-CDM model, which has been referred to as the "standard model" of cosmology because of its precise agreement with observations. Dark energy has been used as a crucial ingredient in a recent attempt to formulate a cyclic model for the universe.[8] Nature of dark energy[edit] Many things about the nature of dark energy remain matters of speculation. The evidence for dark energy is indirect but comes from three independent sources: Distance measurements and their relation to redshift, which suggest the universe has expanded more in the last half of its life.[9]The theoretical need for a type of additional energy that is not matter or dark matter to form our observationally flat universe (absence of any detectable global curvature).It can be inferred from measures of large scale wave-patterns of mass density in the universe. Effect of dark energy: a small constant negative pressure of vacuum[edit] .
Universe There are many competing theories about the ultimate fate of the universe. Physicists remain unsure about what, if anything, preceded the Big Bang. Many refuse to speculate, doubting that any information from any such prior state could ever be accessible. There are various multiverse hypotheses, in which some physicists have suggested that the Universe might be one among many or even an infinite number of universes that likewise exist.[11][12] Historical observation XDF size compared to the size of the Moon – several thousand galaxies, each consisting of billions of stars, are in this small view. XDF (2012) view – each light speck is a galaxy – some of these are as old as 13.2 billion years[13] – the visible Universe is estimated to contain 200 billion galaxies. XDF image shows fully mature galaxies in the foreground plane – nearly mature galaxies from 5 to 9 billion years ago – protogalaxies, blazing with young stars, beyond 9 billion years. History Etymology, synonyms and definitions
Cosmic string Cosmic strings are hypothetical 1-dimensional (spatially) topological defects which may have formed during a symmetry breaking phase transition in the early universe when the topology of the vacuum manifold associated to this symmetry breaking was not simply connected. It is expected that at least one string per Hubble volume is formed. Their existence was first contemplated by the theoretical physicist Tom Kibble in the 1970s. The formation of cosmic strings is somewhat analogous to the imperfections that form between crystal grains in solidifying liquids, or the cracks that form when water freezes into ice. Theories containing cosmic strings[edit] The prototypical example of a quantum field theory with cosmic strings is the Abelian Higgs model. Dimensions[edit] Cosmic strings, if they exist, would be extremely thin with diameters of the same order of magnitude as that of a proton, i.e. ~ 1 fm, or smaller. Gravitation[edit] Negative Mass Cosmic String[edit] Observational evidence[edit]
Sons et lumières Like many, you enjoy the fireworks ... but have you ever admired the colors in mind, and only the colors ???? They amaze and dazzle, with hidden effects, from “color symbols”. And if these fireworks unite so many people at nightfall, is that the colors they emit left us all stunned… small or large. We are amazed by the magic of chemistry, first. Bombs, blaze, bouquets, suns to the famous waterfalls and grand finale, These fireworks are all developed on the same principle of explosive combustion of a mixture of black powder, depending on the desired color, of chemicals like sodium for yellow, copper for blue, calcium nitrate to the orange or lithium for red. Manufacturing processes which are obviously far from thinking of when you push “oh !” This shows us once again that the colors are related to the welfare, a way : those that relax, those that encourage and / or facilitate reflection. Indeed, each of them produces a condition for both our mental state and physical fitness. Principle ?
Cosmic microwave background radiation Temperature of the cosmic background radiation spectrum as determined with the COBE satellite: uncorrected (top), corrected for the dipole term due to our peculiar velocity (middle), and corrected for contributions from the dipole term and from our galaxy (bottom). The Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect shows the phenomena of radiant cosmic background radiation interacting with "electron" clouds distorting the spectrum of the radiation. There is also background radiation in the infrared, x-rays, etc., with different causes, and they can sometimes be resolved into an individual source. History of significant events[edit] 1896: Charles Édouard Guillaume estimates the "radiation of the stars" to be 5.6 K. 1926: Sir Arthur Eddington estimates the non-thermal radiation of starlight in the galaxy has an effective temperature of 3.2 K. [1] 1930s: Erich Regener calculates that the non-thermal spectrum of cosmic rays in the galaxy has an effective temperature of 2.8 K See also[edit] References[edit]
Colour Music Black hole A black hole is defined as a region of spacetime from which gravity prevents anything, including light, from escaping.[1] The theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently compact mass will deform spacetime to form a black hole.[2] Around a black hole, there is a mathematically defined surface called an event horizon that marks the point of no return. The hole is called "black" because it absorbs all the light that hits the horizon, reflecting nothing, just like a perfect black body in thermodynamics.[3][4] Quantum field theory in curved spacetime predicts that event horizons emit radiation like a black body with a finite temperature. This temperature is inversely proportional to the mass of the black hole, making it difficult to observe this radiation for black holes of stellar mass or greater. Objects whose gravity fields are too strong for light to escape were first considered in the 18th century by John Michell and Pierre-Simon Laplace. History General relativity
Helpful Hypnosis Downloads Dark matter Dark matter is invisible. Based on the effect of gravitational lensing, a ring of dark matter has been detected in this image of a galaxy cluster (CL0024+17) and has been represented in blue.[1] Dark matter is a hypothetical kind of matter that cannot be seen with telescopes but accounts for most of the matter in the universe. Astrophysicists hypothesized dark matter because of discrepancies between the mass of large astronomical objects determined from their gravitational effects and the mass calculated from the observable matter (stars, gas, and dust) that they can be seen to contain. Although the existence of dark matter is generally accepted by the mainstream scientific community, some alternative theories of gravity have been proposed, such as MOND and TeVeS, which try to account for the anomalous observations without requiring additional matter. Overview[edit] Estimated distribution of matter and energy in the universe, today (top) and when the CMB was released (bottom)
The Cosmic Tuning Device Get a set of "Mack's" earplugs the good gooey ones that don't bother the ear because they are uncomfortable which some earplugs do. When you go to sleep put these in, be sure to oxygenate the body before you fall to sleep every night, this is fuel for the astral body. 15 minutes worth of breathing air through the mouth and forcing it into the stomach. Put your hand on your stomach to be sure you are putting air into you stomach and not into you chess. Concntrate on your breath doing this, this will also still/steal you mind. Lastly use something like a black t-shirt, sock, whatever to cover the eyes. Tags: astral, blindfold, body, breathing, earplugs ▶ Reply to This
Galaxy Galaxies contain varying numbers of planets, star systems, star clusters and types of interstellar clouds. In between these objects is a sparse interstellar medium of gas, dust, and cosmic rays. Supermassive black holes reside at the center of most galaxies. They are thought to be the primary driver of active galactic nuclei found at the core of some galaxies. The Milky Way galaxy is known to harbor at least one such object.[5] Galaxies have been historically categorized according to their apparent shape, usually referred to as their visual morphology. Etymology[edit] The word galaxy derives from the Greek term for our own galaxy, galaxias (γαλαξίας, "milky one"), or kyklos ("circle") galaktikos ("milky")[11] for its appearance as a lighter colored band in the sky. In the astronomical literature, the capitalized word 'Galaxy' is used to refer to our galaxy, the Milky Way, to distinguish it from the billions of other galaxies. Nomenclature[edit] Observation history[edit] Milky Way[edit]
Gravitation Gravitation, or gravity, is a natural phenomenon by which all physical bodies attract each other. It is most commonly recognized and experienced as the agent that gives weight to physical objects, and causes physical objects to fall toward the ground when dropped from a height. During the grand unification epoch, gravity separated from the electronuclear force. History of gravitational theory Scientific revolution Modern work on gravitational theory began with the work of Galileo Galilei in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. Newton's theory of gravitation In 1687, English mathematician Sir Isaac Newton published Principia, which hypothesizes the inverse-square law of universal gravitation. Newton's theory enjoyed its greatest success when it was used to predict the existence of Neptune based on motions of Uranus that could not be accounted for by the actions of the other planets. Equivalence principle Formulations of the equivalence principle include: General relativity Specifics
Gravitational wave In physics, gravitational waves are ripples in the curvature of spacetime that propagate as a wave, travelling outward from the source. Predicted in 1916 by Albert Einstein to exist[1] on the basis of his theory of general relativity,[2] gravitational waves theoretically transport energy as gravitational radiation. Sources of detectable gravitational waves could possibly include binary star systems composed of white dwarfs, neutron stars, or black holes. The existence of gravitational waves is a possible consequence of the Lorentz invariance of general relativity since it brings the concept of a limiting speed of propagation of the physical interactions with it. Gravitational waves cannot exist in the Newtonian theory of gravitation, in which physical interactions propagate at infinite speed. Introduction[edit] In Einstein's theory of general relativity, gravity is treated as a phenomenon resulting from the curvature of spacetime. Linearly polarised gravitational wave . plane. and .