Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud (/frɔɪd/;[2] German pronunciation: [ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏ̯t]; born Sigismund Schlomo Freud; 6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939) was an Austrian neurologist, now known as the father of psychoanalysis. Freud qualified as a doctor of medicine at the University of Vienna in 1881,[3] and then carried out research into cerebral palsy, aphasia and microscopic neuroanatomy at the Vienna General Hospital.[4] Upon completing his habilitation in 1895, he was appointed a docent in neuropathology in the same year and became an affiliated professor (professor extraordinarius) in 1902.[5][6] Psychoanalysis remains influential within psychotherapy, within some areas of psychiatry, and across the humanities. As such, it continues to generate extensive and highly contested debate with regard to its therapeutic efficacy, its scientific status, and whether it advances or is detrimental to the feminist cause.[10] Nonetheless, Freud's work has suffused contemporary Western thought and popular culture.
Knowing the mind of God: Seven theories of everything - physics-math - 04 March 2010 Read full article Continue reading page |1|2 This story has been edited to clarify that it discusses different approaches being taken to develop a theory of everything. The "theory of everything" is one of the most cherished dreams of science. But theologians needn't lose too much sleep just yet. Here's a brief guide to some of the front runners. String theory This is probably the best known theory of everything, and the most heavily studied. What's more, the mathematics of string theory also rely on extra spatial dimensions, which humans could not experience directly. These are radical suggestions, but many theorists find the string approach elegant and have proposed numerous variations on the basic theme that seem to solve assorted cosmological conundrums. First, string theorists have so far struggled to make new predictions that can be tested. Secondly, there are just too many variants of the theory, any one of which could be correct – and little to choose between them. Quantum graphity
Minkowski diagram Minkowski diagram with resting frame (x,t), moving frame (x′,t′), light cone, and hyperbolas marking out time and space with respect to the origin. The Minkowski diagram, also known as a spacetime diagram, was developed in 1908 by Hermann Minkowski and provides an illustration of the properties of space and time in the special theory of relativity. It allows a quantitative understanding of the corresponding phenomena like time dilation and length contraction without mathematical equations. The term Minkowski diagram is used in both a generic and particular sense. Basics[edit] A photon moving right at the origin corresponds to the yellow track of events, a straight line with a slope of 45°. For simplification in Minkowski diagrams, usually only events in a universe of one space dimension and one time dimension are considered. Each point in the diagram represents a certain position in space and time. Path-time diagram in Newtonian physics[edit] Minkowski diagram in special relativity[edit] and
Cubism A primary influence that led to Cubism was the representation of three-dimensional form in the late works of Paul Cézanne, which were displayed in a retrospective at the 1907 Salon d'Automne.[3] In Cubist artwork, objects are analyzed, broken up and reassembled in an abstracted form—instead of depicting objects from one viewpoint, the artist depicts the subject from a multitude of viewpoints to represent the subject in a greater context.[4] Conception and origins[edit] Pablo Picasso, 1909-10, Figure dans un Fauteuil (Seated Nude, Femme nue assise), oil on canvas, 92.1 x 73 cm, Tate Modern, London Cubism began between 1907 and 1911. By 1911 Picasso was recognized as the inventor of Cubism, while Braque’s importance and precedence was argued later, with respect to his treatment of space, volume and mass in the L’Estaque landscapes. John Berger identifies the essence of Cubism with the mechanical diagram. Technical and stylistic aspects[edit] "M. Cubism before 1914[edit]
Planck time In physics, the Planck time (P) is the unit of time in the system of natural units known as Planck units. It is the time required for light to travel, in a vacuum, a distance of 1 Planck length.[1] The unit is named after Max Planck, who was the first to propose it. The Planck time is defined as:[2] where: = /2 is the reduced Planck constant (sometimes h is used instead of ħ in the definition[1]) G = gravitational constant c = speed of light in a vacuum s is the SI unit of time, the second. Physical significance[edit] The Planck time is the unique combination of the gravitational constant G, the special-relativistic constant c, and the quantum constant ħ, to produce a constant with units of time. See also[edit] Notes and references[edit]
Twin paradox In physics, the twin paradox is a thought experiment in special relativity involving identical twins, one of whom makes a journey into space in a high-speed rocket and returns home to find that the twin who remained on Earth has aged more. This result appears puzzling because each twin sees the other twin as traveling, and so, according to an incorrect naive application of time dilation, each should paradoxically find the other to have aged more slowly. However, this scenario can be resolved within the standard framework of special relativity: Acceleration is not relative, unlike position and velocity, and one twin is accelerated more than the other. Starting with Paul Langevin in 1911, there have been numerous explanations of this paradox, many based upon there being no contradiction because there is no symmetry—only one twin has undergone acceleration and deceleration, thus differentiating the two cases. History[edit] Max von Laue (1911, 1913) elaborated on Langevin's explanation.
Fauvism Artists and style[edit] Press clipping, Les Fauves: Exhibition at the Salon d'Automne, in L'Illustration, 4 November 1905 Besides Matisse and Derain, other artists included Albert Marquet, Charles Camoin, Louis Valtat, the Belgian painter Henri Evenepoel, Maurice Marinot, Jean Puy, Maurice de Vlaminck, Henri Manguin, Raoul Dufy, Othon Friesz, Georges Rouault, Jean Metzinger, the Dutch painter Kees van Dongen and Georges Braque (subsequently Picasso's partner in Cubism).[1] The paintings of the Fauves were characterized by seemingly wild brush work and strident colors, while their subject matter had a high degree of simplification and abstraction.[3] Fauvism can be classified as an extreme development of Van Gogh's Post-Impressionism fused with the pointillism of Seurat[3] and other Neo-Impressionist painters, in particular Paul Signac. Fauvism can also be seen as a mode of Expressionism.[3] Origins[edit] Salon D'Automne 1905[edit] Gallery[edit] See also[edit] Notes and references[edit]
Even a Glass of Water Is a Mystery to Physicists | David Albert With rendition switcher Question: What are some of the great questions in physics today? David Albert: Sure. There's a glass of water on the table beside me. It was noticed about 80 years ago that if one supposes that the fundamental laws of the world are quantum mechanics, if one supposes that the fundamental physical laws of the world are the ones that we get in quantum mechanics textbooks, this story that I just told about how I know there's a glass of water on the table radically falls apart. Now, this is, at the end of the day, a scientific project. So philosophers can be, or people with philosophical training or philosophical sensitivity can be, helpful here in trying to frame very precisely what the problem is, what would count as an adequate solution to the problem, so on and so forth.
Do Frequent Fliers Age More Slowly Is it just me, or is this flight taking forever? [Credit: MarinaAvila, flickr.com] You’re squeezed into a middle seat, two rows from the back of the plane. It’s barely two hours into your cross-country flight, though you’d swear it’s been longer. Does it just seem like the minutes of your trip are crawling by — or does time actually pass more slowly for people who are mid-flight than for people on the ground? Many of us have heard the idea that time doesn’t pass at the same rate for everyone. This familiar — and paradoxical — plotline comes from a particular tenet of relativity theory known as time dilation. Scientists have shown that time dilation doesn’t just happen on near-speed-of-light journeys. So if time dilation occurs under these everyday conditions, is the slowed-down aging experienced by the space-faring twin also experienced — in a much subtler way — by that more familiar airborne traveler, the frequent flier?
Impressionism Impressionism is a 19th-century art movement that originated with a group of Paris-based artists. Their independent exhibitions brought them to prominence during the 1870s and 1880s, in spite of harsh opposition from the conventional art community in France. The name of the style derives from the title of a Claude Monet work, Impression, soleil levant (Impression, Sunrise), which provoked the critic Louis Leroy to coin the term in a satirical review published in the Parisian newspaper Le Charivari. Overview[edit] Radicals in their time, early Impressionists violated the rules of academic painting. Impressionism emerged in France at the same time that a number of other painters, including the Italian artists known as the Macchiaioli, and Winslow Homer in the United States, were also exploring plein-air painting. Beginnings[edit] In the middle of the 19th century—a time of change, as Emperor Napoleon III rebuilt Paris and waged war—the Académie des Beaux-Arts dominated French art.
The perfect crime tool: Researchers work on ‘event cloak’ | Raw Story By Agence France-PresseMonday, November 15, 2010 22:54 EDT PARIS — Jewelry robbers, magicians, exam cheats and practical jokers everywhere will have an interest in an offbeat idea launched by physicists on Tuesday: to make the passage of time invisible. The scientists have conceived of a “spacetime cloak” which manipulates light and, in essence, conceals whole events from a viewer. The theory is based on censoring the flow of events, which we perceive as a stream of light particles, also called photons, that strike the retina. By exploiting a characteristic of fiber optics, the flow of photons can be slowed, events edited out and stitched back together, say the team from Imperial College London and Salford University, northwestern England. The theory is expounded in a daunting series of equations and diagrams in the Journal of Optics, published by the Institute of Physics. The refractory index is a determinant of the speed with which the light is transported in the cable. Agence France-Presse
Introduction to special relativity Albert Einstein during a lecture in Vienna in 1921 In physics, special relativity is a fundamental theory concerning space and time, developed by Albert Einstein in 1905[1] as a modification of Galilean relativity. (See "History of special relativity" for a detailed account and the contributions of Hendrik Lorentz and Henri Poincaré.) The theory was able to explain some pressing theoretical and experimental issues in the physics of the time involving light and electrodynamics, such as the failure of the 1887 Michelson–Morley experiment, which aimed to measure differences in the relative speed of light due to the Earth's motion through the hypothetical, and now discredited, luminiferous aether. The predictions of special relativity are almost identical to those of Galilean relativity for most everyday phenomena, in which speeds are much lower than the speed of light, but it makes different, non-obvious predictions for objects moving at very high speeds. Pythagoras' theorem
Expressionism Expressionism was a modernist movement, initially in poetry and painting, originating in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century. Its typical trait is to present the world solely from a subjective perspective, distorting it radically for emotional effect in order to evoke moods or ideas.[1][2] Expressionist artists sought to express meaning[3] or emotional experience rather than physical reality.[3][4] Origin of the term[edit] In 1905, a group of four German artists, led by Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, formed Die Brücke (the Bridge) in the city of Dresden. "View of Toledo" by El Greco, 1595/1610 has been indicated to have a particularly striking resemblance to 20th-century expressionism. Expressionism has been likened to Baroque by critics such as art historian Michel Ragon [16] and German philosopher Walter Benjamin.[17] According to Alberto Arbasino, a difference between the two is that "Expressionism doesn't shun the violently unpleasant effect, while Baroque does. In other arts[edit]
Fermilab Experiment Hints At Existence of Brand-New Elementary Particle Physicists working with a Fermilab neutrino experiment may have found a new elementary particle whose behavior breaks the known laws of physics. If correct, their results poke holes in the accepted Standard Model of particles and forces, and raise some interesting questions for the Large Hadron Collider and Tevatron experiments. The new particle could even explain the existence of dark matter. Working with Fermilab's MiniBooNE experiment — the first part of the larger planned Booster Neutrino Experiment — physicists found evidence for a fourth flavor of neutrino, according to a new paper published in Physical Review Letters. This means there could be another particle we didn't know about, and that it behaves in a way physicists didn't expect. Neutrinos have been mystifying physicists since they were first theorized decades ago. Examining three years' worth of MiniBooNE data, researchers detected more oscillations than would be possible if there were only three flavors.