Lee Jackson - Dictionary of Victorian London - Victorian History - 19th Century London - Social History.

Masterpiece Theatre | Oliver Twist | Down and Out in Victorian London Down and Out in Victorian London How much is conveyed in those two short words -- "The Parish!" And with how many tales of distress and misery, of broken fortune and ruined hopes, too often of unrelieved wretchedness and successful knavery are they associated! -- from Sketches by Boz So Charles Dickens described the Victorian parish, the British local government unit responsible for administering to the neighborhood's poor. Victorian Morals and the Poor The Industrial Age and the financial opportunities surrounding it led to a rapidly growing middle class in early 19th-century Britain. Subsequently, welfare in Dickens's time was based on deterrence rather than support. The workhouse was administered by unpaid bureaucrats, headed by the Beadle, an elected official. The Poor Laws Parishes were first instituted with the Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601, which organized tax-collected assistance. The 1782 Gilbert's Act changed some features for the better. Share your views at The Forum.

World Poverty Map Example of application of the SOM: The Self-Organizing Map (SOM) can be used to portray complex correlations in statistical data. Here the data consisted of World Bank statistics of countries in 1992. Altogether 39 indicators describing various quality-of-life factors, such as state of health, nutrition, educational services, etc, were used. Countries that had similar values of the indicators found a place near each other on the map. The poverty structures of the world can then be visualized in a straightforward manner: each country on the geographic map has been colored according to its poverty type. Countries organized on a self-organizing map based on indicators related to poverty: A map of the world where countries have been colored with the color describing their poverty type (the color was obtained with the SOM in the previous figure): This page is maintained by Samuel.Kaski@hut.fi.

The Victorian Web: An Overview David Perdue's Charles Dickens Page - Great Expectations Dickens wrote to his friend and advisor, John Forster, telling his plan for Great Expectations: "The book will be written in the first person throughout, and during these first three weekly numbers you will find the hero to be a boy-child, like David. Then he will be an apprentice. You will not have to complain of the want of humour as in the Tale of Two Cities. I have made the opening, I hope, in its general effect exceedingly droll. I have put a child and a good-natured foolish man, in relations that seem to me very funny. Dickens modeled Miss Havisham's Satis House on Restoration House in Rochester. Miss Havisham has Pip and Estella play Beggar My Neighbor to entertain her. "He calls the knaves, Jacks, this boy!" Rules of the Game Dickens used the forge at Chalk Village as the model for Joe Gargary's forge in Great Expectations. The ending of Great Expectations that Victorians read is not the original ending that Dickens wrote for the novel. Dec 1860 - Aug 1861 Dickens' age: 48-49

Quipu Quipus (or khipus), sometimes called talking knots, were recording devices historically used in the region of Andean South America. A quipu usually consisted of colored, spun, and plied thread or strings from llama or alpaca hair. It could also be made of cotton cords. For the Inca, the system aided in collecting data and keeping records, ranging from monitoring tax obligations, properly collecting census records, calendrical information, and military organization.[1] The cords contained numeric and other values encoded by knots in a base ten positional system. Objects that can be identified unambiguously as quipus first appear in the archaeological record in the first millennium CE. Etymology[edit] The word "khipu", meaning "knot" or "to knot", comes from the Quechua language, the "lingua franca and language of administration" of Tahuantinsuyu.[6] Purpose[edit] Most information recorded on the quipus consists of numbers in a decimal system.[8] Literary Uses[edit] System[edit] History[edit]

Victorians The Victorian period in Britain was one of huge industrial and technological change, shocking divisions between rich and poor, sensational crimes, spectacular entertainments for the masses, and grand attempts to combat squalor and disease. Discover Victorian life through the posters, pamphlets, diaries, newspapers, political reports and illustrations that the 19th century left behind... Written by Liza Picard The Working Classes and The Poor Street sellers, omnibus drivers, mudlarks, the workhouse and prostitution, the poor were forced to survive in any way that they could... The Middle Class Bank clerks, housewives shopping, magazine readers and holiday makers: all members of the Victorian middle class... Popular Culture No matter how poor people were, they could usually raise a penny or so for the music hall, circus or magic show... Transport and Communications Crime The police force was still in its early years and executions were a public source of entertainment. The Great Exhibition Health

The Joys of Teaching Literature » arxiu de blog » GREAT EXPECTATIONS ABOUT GREAT EXPECTATIONS A bright girl student pours down onto a long, singular email message the many reasons why she’s disappointed with Dickens: she “cannot see the literature” in Great Expectations, she dislikes Dickens’s too obvious moralising, and, generally, she finds him unable to impress her with a deep vision of what being human is about. He ‘doesn’t stir her soul’ (as Emily Brontë did). We meet for coffee, together with another student –a boy– who does enjoy reading Dickens. (Um, precious meetings like this are indeed one of the joys of teaching Literature!). Here is what happens: we badger her but sound less and less convincing as the conversation goes on. For other students in class, the feeling is just the opposite: they love Dickens and can’t stomach Wuthering Heights’s claustrophobic, mad Romanticism. All the battles about the literary canon seem to forget what great debunkers of reputations students are.

Wampum Description and manufacture[edit] The white beads are made from the inner spiral of the channeled whelk shell. In the area of present New York Bay, the clams and whelks used for making wampum are found only along Long Island Sound and Narragansett Bay. The Lenape name for Long Island is Sewanacky, reflecting its connection to the dark wampum. Typically wampum beads are tubular in shape, often a quarter of an inch long and an eighth inch wide. Wooden pump drills with quartz drill bits and steatite weights were used to drill the shells. Care must be taken while crafting or incising wampum. Origin[edit] The term "wampum" is a shortening of the earlier word "wampumpeag", which is derived from the Massachusett or Narragansett word meaning "white strings [of shell beads]".[4][5] The Proto-Algonquian reconstructed form is *wa·p-a·py-aki, "white-string-plural Uses[edit] The mark of authority one had when one carried wampum is an important thing. Currency[edit] Transcription[edit] Symbolic use[edit]

Victorian morality Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Empress of India The term "Victorian" was first used during the Great Exhibition in London (1851), where Victorian inventions and morals were shown to the world.[1] Victorian values were developed in all facets of Victorian living. The morality and values of the period can be classed to Religion, Morality, Elitism, Industrialism and Improvement. These values take root in Victorian morality, creating an overall change in the British Empire. Historians now regard the Victorian era as a time of many contradictions, such as the widespread cultivation of an outward appearance of dignity and restraint together with the prevalence of social phenomena such as prostitution and child labour. Historical background[edit] The term Victorianum has acquired a range of connotations, including that of a particularly strict set of moral standards, often hypocritically applied. Description[edit] Religious morality[edit] See also[edit] Notes

Wampum; History and Background NativeTech: Native American Technology & Art Wampum from Middle and Late Woodland periods (beginning around AD 200) had a robust shape, about 8mm in length and 5mm in diameter, with larger stone­bored holes of more than 2mm. Wampum beads of the mid-1600's average 5mm length and 4mm diameter with tiny holes were bored with European metal awls average 1mm. The word "Wampum" comes from the Narragansett word for 'white shell beads'. The quahog shell used to produce purple wampum and other shell pendants is exclusively the species with the Latin name 'Mercinaria mercinaria' There are several types of Whelk used to make the white beads and pendants with the Latin name 'Busycon'. Some early historic documents contain innacurate references to the shells being of periwinkle or muscle shell, sometimes mistaking the beads themselves for porcelain or bone. European traders and politicians, using beads and trinkets, often exploited gift exchange to gain Native American favor or territory.

Victorian era The Victorian era of British history (and that of the British Empire) was the period of Queen Victoria's reign from 20 June 1837 until her death, on 22 January 1901. It was a long period of peace, prosperity, refined sensibilities and national self-confidence for Britain.[1] Some scholars date the beginning of the period in terms of sensibilities and political concerns to the passage of the Reform Act 1832. The era was preceded by the Georgian period and followed by the Edwardian period. The later half of the Victorian age roughly coincided with the first portion of the Belle Époque era of continental Europe and the Gilded Age of the United States. Two especially important figures in this period of British history are the prime ministers Gladstone and Disraeli, whose contrasting views changed the course of history. Population in the Victorian era[edit] The Victorian era was a time of unprecedented demographic increase in Britain. Fertility rates[edit] Mortality rates[edit] Culture[edit]