Creative Commons The Creative Commons is a non-profit organisation that tries to make creative work available for others to use and share. Aim[change | edit source] Their website allows copyright holders to give some of their rights to any other people. They still keep some other rights. The project has different free licenses. History[change | edit source] Creative Commons was officially started in 2001. Lawrence Lessig is the founder and chairman of Creative Commons. Localisation[change | edit source] The iCommons (International Commons) is one of the Creative Commons projects. Projects that use Creative Commons licenses include LOCA Records, Magnatune, Opsound, Opcopy, Wikitravel, iRATE radio and the fiction of Cory Doctorow. References[change | edit source] Other websites[change | edit source]
US court to decide if human genes can be patented « Trust Us Online The justices’ decision will likely resolve an ongoing battle between scientists who believe that genes carrying the secrets of life should not be exploited for commercial gain and companies that argue that a patent is a reward for years of expensive research that moves science forward. The current case involves Myriad Genetics Inc. of Salt Lake City, which has patents on two genes linked to increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer. Myriad’s BRACAnalysis test looks for mutations on the breast cancer predisposition gene, or BRCA. Those mutations are associated with much greater risks of breast and ovarian cancer. But the American Civil Liberties Union challenged those patents, arguing that genes couldn’t be patented, and in March 2010, a New York district court agreed. Like this: Like Loading...
Copyleft The symbol for copyleft. It is the mirror image of the copyright symbol. Copyleft is a name for a type of a license for free content or free software. Both copyleft and non-copyleft (“permissive”) licenses for free content or free software can be used for things like documents (for example books), art, music and software; they always allow people to change the works, and to give or sell them to other people. However, in a copyleft license, when a person gives or sells a work (changed or not changed) to a friend, the person must allow the friend to do the things which the author of the original work has allowed in the license to the person. Some copyleft licenses that are used a lot are the GNU General Public License and the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license.
The Big Thinker's Guide to SOPA & PIPA | Think Tank One need not read all 145 pages of the SOPA and PIPA bills to understand the debate in Washington DC. Big Think has provided a brief guide to the issue for your convenience. Legislative Overview & Supporting and Opposing Interest Groups OpenCongress.org provides a great summary of the legislation, its status in Congress, as well as links to news and blogs. The site also features a comprehensive list of interest groups who have supported and opposed the legislation and more information pertaining to the "money trail." Background Below are five definitive, plain-language guides to the issue, the arguments, and implications of the legislation. Jonathan Zittrain The Economist Wall Street Journal New York Times PC World Blackout Pictures and opinions from the January, 18 2012 SOPA and PIPA online protest: Talking Points Memo Forbes Arguments: These links offer a more in-depth look into the argument and the legal justifications for and against SOPA and PIPA. Bloomberg Stanford Law Review Online
Copyright Copyright symbol. A copyright is a law that gives the owner of a written document, musical composition, book, picture, or other creative work, the right to decide what other people can do with it. Copyright laws make it easier for authors to make money by selling their works. Because of copyright, a work can only be copied if the owner of the copyright gives permission. When someone copies or edits a work that is protected under copyright without permission, the owner may sue for the value of the violation. Who owns copyright? In most countries, authors automatically own the copyright to any work they make or create, as long as they do not give the copyright to someone else. In most countries, there is no need to register the copyright, and some countries do not even have procedures to register copyrights. Length of copyright protection[change | edit source] Copyright laws usually protect owners of copyright beyond their lifetime, such as until 50 years after the author's death. Patent
PROTECT IP Act The PROTECT IP Act is a re-write of the Combating Online Infringement and Counterfeits Act (COICA),[5] which failed to pass in 2010. A similar House version of the bill, the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA), was introduced on October 26, 2011.[6] In the wake of online protests held on January 18, 2012, Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid announced that a vote on the bill would be postponed until issues raised about the bill were resolved.[7][8][9] Content[edit] The bill defines infringement as distribution of illegal copies, counterfeit goods, or anti-digital rights management technology. The PROTECT IP Act says that an "information location tool shall take technically feasible and reasonable measures, as expeditiously as possible, to remove or disable access to the Internet site associated with the domain name set forth in the order". Supporters[edit] Legislators[edit] Companies and trade organizations[edit] The U.S. Others[edit] Opponents[edit] Legislators[edit] Companies and organizations[edit]
Stop Online Piracy Act Failed United States bill Proponents of the legislation said it would protect the intellectual-property market and corresponding industry, jobs and revenue, and was necessary to bolster enforcement of copyright laws, especially against foreign-owned and operated websites. Claiming flaws in existing laws that do not cover foreign-owned and operated websites, and citing examples of active promotion of rogue websites by U.S. search engines, proponents asserted that stronger enforcement tools were needed. The bill received strong, bipartisan support in the House of Representatives and the Senate. It also received support from the Fraternal Order of Police, the National Governors Association, The National Conference of Legislatures, the U.S. Conference of Mayors, the National Association of Attorneys General, the Chamber of Commerce, the Better Business Bureau, the AFL–CIO and 22 trade unions, and the National Consumers League.[2] History[edit] Goals[edit] According to Rep. Sponsor Rep.
Private property Sign on a chain-link fence warning the public against trespassing on private property. Private property is a legal designation of the ownership of property by non-governmental legal entities.[1] Private property is distinguishable from public property, which is owned by a state entity; and collective property, which is owned by a group of non-governmental entities.[2] Private property is further distinguished from personal property, which refers to property for personal use and consumption. Categorization of collective property can be indeterminable, such as in a not-for-profit private university; or determinable, such as in the case of a legal partnership. History[edit] Prior to the 18th century, "property" was generally used in reference to land ownership. In England, "property" did not have a legal definition until the 17th century.[3] Economic perspectives[edit] Liberal perspectives[edit] Austrian School perspective[edit] Socialist perspectives[edit] See also[edit] Notes[edit]
#3038363 SOPA Emergency IP list: So if these ass-fucks in DC decide to ruin the internet, here’s how to access your favorite sites in the event of a DNS takedown tumblr.com 174.121.194.34 wikipedia.org 208.80.152.201 # News bbc.co.uk 212.58.241.131 aljazeera.com 198.78.201.252 # Social media reddit.com 72.247.244.88 imgur.com 173.231.140.219 google.com 74.125.157.99 youtube.com 74.125.65.91 yahoo.com 98.137.149.56 hotmail.com 65.55.72.135 bing.com 65.55.175.254 digg.com 64.191.203.30 theonion.com 97.107.137.164 hush.com 65.39.178.43 gamespot.com 216.239.113.172 ign.com 69.10.25.46 cracked.com 98.124.248.77 sidereel.com 144.198.29.112 github.com 207.97.227.239 # Torrent sites thepiratebay.org 194.71.107.15 mininova.com 80.94.76.5 btjunkie.com 93.158.65.211 demonoid.com 62.149.24.66 demonoid.me 62.149.24.67 # Social networking facebook.com 69.171.224.11 twitter.com 199.59.149.230 tumblr.com 174.121.194.34 livejournal.com 209.200.154.225 dreamwidth.org 69.174.244.50
Elinor Ostrom Elinor "Lin" Ostrom (born Elinor Claire Awan;[2] August 7, 1933 – June 12, 2012) was an American political economist[3][4][5] whose work was associated with the New Institutional Economics and the resurgence of political economy.[6] In 2009, she shared the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with Oliver E. Williamson for "her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons".[7] To date, she remains the only woman so honored. Ostrom lived in Bloomington, Indiana and served on the faculty of both Indiana University and Arizona State University. She held the rank of Distinguished Professor at Indiana University and was the Arthur F. Personal life and education[edit] Ostrom was born Elinor Claire Awan in Los Angeles, California, the only child[10] of Leah (born Hopkins) and Adrian Awan.[11] Her father was Jewish, while her mother was Protestant. Ostrom graduated from Beverly Hills High School in 1951 and then received a B.A. Career[edit] Research[edit] Awards[edit] Death[edit]
Tragedy of the commons The tragedy of the commons concept is often cited in connection with sustainable development, meshing economic growth and environmental protection, as well as in the debate over global warming. It has also been used in analyzing behavior in the fields of economics, evolutionary psychology, anthropology, game theory, politics, taxation, and sociology. However the concept, as originally developed, has also received criticism for not taking into account the many other factors operating to enforce or agree on regulation in this scenario. Lloyd's pamphlet[edit] In 1833, the English economist William Forster Lloyd published a pamphlet which included an example of herders sharing a common parcel of land on which they are each entitled to let their cows graze. Garrett Hardin's article[edit] The Universal Declaration of Human Rights describes the family as the natural and fundamental unit of society. [edit] As a metaphor, the tragedy of the commons should not be taken too literally. See also[edit]