Scientific method

Steps of the Scientific Method Please ensure you have JavaScript enabled in your browser. If you leave JavaScript disabled, you will only access a portion of the content we are providing. <a href="/science-fair-projects/javascript_help.php">Here's how.</a> What is the Scientific Method? The scientific method is a process for experimentation that is used to explore observations and answer questions. Even though we show the scientific method as a series of steps, keep in mind that new information or thinking might cause a scientist to back up and repeat steps at any point during the process. Whether you are doing a science fair project, a classroom science activity, independent research, or any other hands-on science inquiry understanding the steps of the scientific method will help you focus your scientific question and work through your observations and data to answer the question as well as possible. Educator Tools for Teaching the Scientific Method

Hypothesis A hypothesis (plural hypotheses) is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon. For a hypothesis to be a scientific hypothesis, the scientific method requires that one can test it. Scientists generally base scientific hypotheses on previous observations that cannot satisfactorily be explained with the available scientific theories. Even though the words "hypothesis" and "theory" are often used synonymously, a scientific hypothesis is not the same as a scientific theory. A working hypothesis is a provisionally accepted hypothesis proposed for further research.[1] The adjective hypothetical, meaning "having the nature of a hypothesis", or "being assumed to exist as an immediate consequence of a hypothesis", can refer to any of these meanings of the term "hypothesis". Uses[edit] In Plato's Meno (86e–87b), Socrates dissects virtue with a method used by mathematicians,[2] that of "investigating from a hypothesis Scientific hypothesis[edit] Working hypothesis[edit] See also[edit] Notes[edit]

: > 메트릭스를 포스트모던 시각으로 다시본다 : 문화.스포츠 : 하니리포터 내가 제일 싫어하는 글쓰기를 해 볼까... 한다. 나불나불,... 메트릭스를 생각하면..늘 기억나는 한 분이 있다. 영화적 기술의 극치를 보여준 메트릭스지만..사실 그 철학적인 느낌은 영화 내에서 어렵지 않게 발견 할 수 있다... 혹자는... 포스트 모던에 있어서..Virtual Reality는 중요한 요소중 하나다..바로 메트릭스의 컴퓨터 세상이.. 대다수의 우리는 ... 모더니즘이 표방한... 반면...Mr. 그는 커다란 세상을 바라보기에 앞서.. 그 해답을 찾기 위해 Mr, Anderson은..MORPHEUS를 만나고, 선택의 갈림길에 놓이게 된다.. 그가 처음 바라본 세상은...스스로 자라나는 것이 아닌.. NEO - Morpheus, what's happened to me? 말을 살짝 바꾸긴 했지만.. 그 말처럼... 구석 구석, 요소 요소에 들어가 있는..포스트 모던 사상들은 결국 결말에 가서... [아는 것과, 실천 하는 것은 다름]을 누차 이야기 하는 모피어스의 그간의 말에서 처럼... 단지 이 영화에서 아쉬움으로 남는것은...이 영화를 포스트 모던적 시선으로만 바라 보았을때...또 다른 [영웅]의 탄생을 어떻게 지켜 봐야 하는가..라는 점에 있다..이렇게 된다면 다시금 [Grandnarrative]의 모순 속으로 빠져 들어 가는게 아닌가.. 삼천포로 빠지자면..암것두 모르면서 나불거린것에 있어서..창피함은 이루 말 할 수 없지만..더 웃긴건 포스트 모던두 제대로 이해 못하고 있는 내가..허무주의[nihilism]에 빠지려고 한다는 점이다..좋게 말하면 그런 무슨 ism에 빠졌다 할 수 있구..솔직하게 말하자면..이것 저것 다 귀찮은 거 뿐일런지도 모른다.. 내가 가야 할 길은 어디며...

Level of measurement In statistics and quantitative research methodology, various attempts have been made to classify variables (or types of data) and thereby develop a taxonomy of levels of measurement or scales of measure. Perhaps the best known are those developed by the psychologist Stanley Smith Stevens. He proposed four types: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. Typology[edit] Nominal scale[edit] The nominal type, sometimes also called the qualitative type, differentiates between items or subjects based only on their names or (meta-)categories and other qualitative classifications they belong to; thus dichotomous data involves the construction of classifications as well as the classification of items. Central tendency[edit] Ordinal scale[edit] The ordinal type allows for rank order (1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.) by which data can be sorted, but still does not allow for relative degree of difference between them. Central tendency[edit] Interval scale[edit] Central tendency and statistical dispersion[edit] L.

Forming Research Questions and Identifying Key Concepts View Worksheet After you have chosen a research paper topic, developing research questions and identifying key concepts helps you write a strong thesis statement and conduct structured research. Jumping into your topic without asking the right questions and developing a plan hurts the overall strength of your paper. In addition, by developing questions and identifying concepts, you make it easier to determine what information you need and how that information pertains to the scope of your research paper. Forming research questions to shape your thesis statement Forming research questions is essential in writing an effective thesis statement. I need to locate information about the types of homeopathic stress relievers.I need to locate information about the effects of video game violence on children aged 7-10.I need to locate information about the causes of childhood obesity.I need to locate information about childhood immunizations.

시뮬라크르 위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전. 시늉, 흉내, 모의 등의 뜻을 지니는 시뮬라크르는 가상, 거짓 그림 등의 뜻을 가진 라틴어 시뮬라크룸에서 유래한 말이다. 이 라틴어 단어는 영어 안에도 그대로 흡수되어서 모조품, 가짜 물건을 가리키는 말로 쓰인다. 정의[편집] 시뮬라크르 Simulacre[편집] 시뮬라크르는 실제로는 존재하지 않는 대상을 존재하는 것처럼 만들어놓은 인공물을 지칭한다. 미사일 발사는 화면이라는 컴퓨터로 보면서 하지 실제 미사일의 움직임을 육안으로 보면서 하지 않는다. 결국 시뮬라크르는 실제보다 더 실제적인 것이며 시뮬라크르는 아울러 어떤 기왕의 실체 존재하고 있는 것하고는 아무런 관계도 없는 독자적인 하나의 현실이라고 할 것이다. 시뮬라시옹 simulation[편집] 시뮬라시옹은 시뮬라크르의 동사적 의미로 <시뮬라크르를 하기>이다. 시뮬라크르의 철학적 역사[편집] 시뮬라크르를 논하기 위해서는 플라톤에게까지 거슬러 올라가야 한다. 플라톤[편집] 이데아[편집] 이데아는 현실에서 발견할 수 없는 영원불변의 참된 존재로써 플라톤의 이데아에 의하면 우리가 일상에서 접하는 모든 것들은 죄다 불완전한 것들이다. 동굴의 비유[편집] 플라톤은 진정한 이데아를 알지 못한 채 살아가는 사람들을 이데아계로의 지향을 이끌며 동굴의 비유(동굴의 알레고리, 신화, 우화 등으로 불림)를 이야기하였다. 니체[편집] 우상의 황혼 Twilight of the idols[편집] 니체는 대부분의 철학자들이 그들의 감각으로부터 얻는 확실한 정보를 무시하고 언어와 사유의 구조에 의존함으로써 도달하는 현실의 왜곡된 복제가 시뮬라크르(이 용어를 사용하지는 않았지만) 라고 시뮬라크르의 개념에 대해서 언급하였다. 플라톤의 동굴의 비유에 대한 의문 제기[편집] 장 보드리야르[편집] 책 《시뮬라크르와 시뮬라시옹》[편집] 영화 Matrix[편집] 영화 매트릭스는 1999년 워쇼스키 형제가 감독한 사이버 펑크 영화로 화려한 액션신 이외에도 철학적인 논의를 활발하게 하였던 작품이다. 질 들뢰즈[편집] 복사물과 시뮬라크르[편집]

Mechanism From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Mechanism may refer to: Critical thinking | Learning resources Advice and resources on the subject of critical thinking. Why is being critical important? It affects your academic success: if you wish to achieve higher grades, being able to take an informed and analytical approach to your studies is very important. Simply memorising and explaining concepts and ideas will not be sufficient for a strong pass at masters level. It affects your employability: one of the main reasons students undertake postgraduate study is to improve their employment prospects. What do we mean by ‘critical’? Being ‘critical’ does not mean just being negative, or pointing out what is wrong about something. You can find out more about the framework at : SCQF level descriptors (PDF) Taking a critical approach in your studies and professional development can include behaviours such as: You can find out more about being critical in your studies in the following factsheets: Critical thinking ‘stairway’ Critical thinking: online guidance from the Open University Further reading

Models of scientific inquiry In the philosophy of science, models of scientific inquiry have two functions: first, to provide a descriptive account of how scientific inquiry is carried out in practice, and second, to provide an explanatory account of why scientific inquiry succeeds as well as it appears to do in arriving at genuine knowledge. The search for scientific knowledge extends far back into antiquity. At some point in the past, at least by the time of Aristotle, philosophers recognized that a fundamental distinction should be drawn between two kinds of scientific knowledge — roughly, knowledge that and knowledge why. It is one thing to know that each planet periodically reverses the direction of its motion with respect to the background of fixed stars; it is quite a different matter to know why. Accounts of scientific inquiry[edit] Classical model[edit] Pragmatic model[edit] Logical empiricism[edit] Not all explanations in science are of the D-N type, however. Choice of a theory[edit] See also[edit]

Experiment Even very young children perform rudimentary experiments in order to learn about the world. An experiment is an orderly procedure carried out with the goal of verifying, refuting, or establishing the validity of a hypothesis. Controlled experiments provide insight into cause-and-effect by demonstrating what outcome occurs when a particular factor is manipulated. Controlled experiments vary greatly in their goal and scale, but always rely on repeatable procedure and logical analysis of the results. There also exist natural experimental studies. A child may carry out basic experiments to understand the nature of gravity, while teams of scientists may take years of systematic investigation to advance the understanding of a phenomenon. Overview[edit] In the scientific method, an experiment is an empirical method that arbitrates between competing models or hypotheses.[1][2] Experimentation is also used to test existing theories or new hypotheses in order to support them or disprove them.[3][4]

The Deconstruction of Reality: Modernism and Postmodernism by Ken Sanes Modernism Modern philosophy and science are based on the idea that the world of appearances is an illusion that both reveals and conceals an underlying reality. In many instances, this idea has also been attached to mystical systems of thought, as in some Eastern philosophies that view reality as a play of fictions manifested by a universal mind. In the West, it has been the intellectual undergirding for rationalism and empiricism, which have given rise to modern science and social science. Today, not surprisingly, this idea is the dominant element in most fields of thought. In the natural sciences, physics views the materiality of the world as a kind of mirage and describes microscopic and macroscopic realms in which nature loses many of the characteristics it has in the Newtonian world of everyday existence. In effect, these philosophies and disciplines assert that matter, life, society, cultural creations and mind aren't what they appear to be. Postmodernism One note.

Cognitive map Overview[edit] Cognitive maps serve the construction and accumulation of spatial knowledge, allowing the "mind's eye" to visualize images in order to reduce cognitive load, enhance recall and learning of information. This type of spatial thinking can also be used as a metaphor for non-spatial tasks, where people performing non-spatial tasks involving memory and imaging use spatial knowledge to aid in processing the task.[6] The neural correlates of a cognitive map have been speculated to be the place cell system in the hippocampus[7] and the recently discovered grid cells in the entorhinal cortex.[8] Neurological basis[edit] Cognitive mapping is believed to largely be a function of the hippocampus. Numerous studies by O'Keefe have implicated the involvement of place cells. Parallel map theory[edit] Generation[edit] The cognitive map is generated from a number of sources, both from the visual system and elsewhere. History[edit] The idea of a cognitive map was first developed by Edward C.

Epistemology Philosophical study of knowledge The school of skepticism questions the human ability to attain knowledge while fallibilism says that knowledge is never certain. Empiricists hold that all knowledge comes from sense experience, whereas rationalists believe that some knowledge does not depend on it. Coherentists argue that a belief is justified if it coheres with other beliefs. Foundationalists, by contrast, maintain that the justification of basic beliefs does not depend on other beliefs. Separate branches of epistemology focus on knowledge in specific fields, like scientific, mathematical, moral, and religious knowledge. Early reflections on the nature, sources, and scope of knowledge are found in ancient Greek, Indian, and Chinese philosophy. Epistemology explores how people should acquire beliefs. Knowledge is an awareness, familiarity, understanding, or skill. Knowledge contrasts with ignorance, often simply defined as the absence of knowledge. . Major schools of thought [edit]

Reproducibility Aristotle′s conception about the knowledge of the individual being considered unscientific is due to lack of the field of statistics in his time, so he could not appeal to statistical averaging of the individual. History[edit] Boyle's air pump was, in terms of the 17th Century, a complicated and expensive scientific apparatus, making reproducibility of results difficult The first to stress the importance of reproducibility in science was the Irish chemist Robert Boyle, in England in the 17th century. Boyle's air pump was designed to generate and study vacuum, which at the time was a very controversial concept. Indeed, distinguished philosophers such as René Descartes and Thomas Hobbs denied the very possibility of vacuum existence. The air pump, which in the 17th century was a complicated and expensive apparatus to build, also led to one of the first documented disputes over the reproducibility of a particular scientific phenomenon. Reproducible data[edit] Reproducible research[edit]