History of film

Film A vintage Fox movietone motion picture camera A film, also called a movie or motion picture, is a series of still images which, when shown on a screen, creates the illusion of moving images due to the phi phenomenon. This optical illusion causes the audience to perceive continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession. A film is created by photographing actual scenes with a motion picture camera; by photographing drawings or miniature models using traditional animation techniques; by means of CGI and computer animation; or by a combination of some or all of these techniques and other visual effects. The process of filmmaking is both an art and an industry. The individual images that make up a film are called frames. The name "film" originates from the fact that photographic film (also called film stock) has historically been the medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. History Film theory Language Film is considered to have its own language. Montage Crew

Introduction - The World of 1898: The Spanish-American War (Hispanic Division, Library of Congress) On April 25, 1898 the United States declared war on Spain following the sinking of the Battleship Maine in Havana harbor on February 15, 1898. The war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898. As a result Spain lost its control over the remains of its overseas empire -- Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines Islands, Guam, and other islands. Background Beginning in 1492, Spain was the first European nation to sail westward across the Atlantic Ocean, explore, and colonize the Amerindian nations of the Western Hemisphere. Cuba Following the liberation from Spain of mainland Latin America, Cuba was the first to initiate its own struggle for independence. The Philippines Islands The Philippines too was beginning to grow restive with Spanish rule. Puerto Rico United States U.S. interest in purchasing Cuba had begun long before 1898. The War U.S. troops attacked the San Juan heights on July 1, 1898. Back to top

List of films in the public domain in the United States A number of films exist that certain cited sources believe are in the public domain in the United States. Being in the public domain refers to cinematic, dramatic, literary, musical and artistic works that no government, organization, or individual owns, and as such is common property.[1] Note: Films in this list may incorporate elements from other works that are still under copyright, even though the film itself is out of copyright. Copyrightable elements of a film[edit] There is no official list of films (or other works) in the public domain. Film copyright involves the copyright status of multiple elements that make up the film.[4] A film can lose its copyright in some of those elements while retaining copyright in other elements.[4] Experts in the field of public domain sometimes differ in their opinions as to whether a particular film is in the public domain. The use of music in a film can cause uncertainty with regard to copyright. Judicial interpretation of public domain[edit]

Movie camera The movie camera, film camera or cine-camera is a type of photographic camera which takes a rapid sequence of photographs on strips of film. The video camera has largely replaced it for private use, but for professional purposes, movie cameras are used and produced today, especially for the production of full-feature movies. In contrast to a still camera, which captures a single snapshot at a time, the movie camera takes a series of images; each image constitutes a "frame". This is accomplished through an intermittent mechanism. The frames are later played back in a movie projector at a specific speed, called the frame rate (number of frames per second). History[edit] Early experimentation[edit] The first patented film camera was designed in England by Frenchman Louis Le Prince in 1888. Another early pioneer was the British inventor William Friese-Greene. Charles Kayser of the Edison lab seated behind the Kinetograph. Mass-market[edit] Technical details[edit] Multiple cameras[edit]

Film History Before 1920 Innovations Necessary for the Advent of Cinema: Optical toys, shadow shows, 'magic lanterns,' and visual tricks have existed for thousands of years. Many inventors, scientists, manufacturers and scientists have observed the visual phenomenon that a series of individual still pictures set into motion created the illusion of movement - a concept termed persistence of vision. This illusion of motion was first described by British physician Peter Mark Roget in 1824, and was a first step in the development of the cinema. A number of technologies, simple optical toys and mechanical inventions related to motion and vision were developed in the early to late 19th century that were precursors to the birth of the motion picture industry: [A very early version of a "magic lantern" was invented in the 17th century by Athanasius Kircher in Rome. Late 19th Century Inventions and Experiments: Muybridge, Marey, Le Prince and Eastman The Birth of US Cinema: Thomas Edison and William K.L. Young Griffo v.

Infrastructure Policy: Lessons from American History - The New Atlantis Adam J. White For the last several years, dating back to the Iraq War’s low point, it has been the vogue to speak of “nation-building at home.” It is intended as a pun: usually when we talk about “nation-building” we mean the work of establishing in other countries the institutions and values necessary for political stability. Those who speak of “nation-building at home” imply that the cost of overseas interventions has left the United States in a condition of disrepair. The question of infrastructure (or “internal improvements,” or “public works”) has bedeviled the nation since its founding. In this, as in all things, history rhymes: where Franklin Roosevelt promised in a fireside chat that Americans would “see the dirt fly,” Barack Obama, prior to his inauguration, promised Americans “shovel-ready projects all across the country.” One recent pair of events illustrates perfectly the nation’s Janus-faced view of infrastructure. There is no reason why we can’t do this. Laying Foundations

Le voyage dans la lune The History of the Motion Picture The first machine patented in the United States that showed animated pictures or movies was a device called the "wheel of life" or "zoopraxiscope". Patented in 1867 by William Lincoln, moving drawings or photographs were watched through a slit in the zoopraxiscope. However, this was a far cry from motion pictures as we know them today. The Frenchman Louis Lumiere is often credited as inventing the first motion picture camera in 1895. The Cinematographe made motion pictures very popular, and it could be better be said that Lumiere's invention began the motion picture era. The Lumiere brothers were not the first to project film. "The cinema is an invention without a future" - Louis Lumière General History of Cinema - Motion Pictures - The Inventors in Cinema General essay on cinema inventors. Motion Picture Innovators Lumiere Brothers - The Lumiere Brothers Inventors of the cinematographic process. Theaters - The Drive-In (ventor) Richard M. Next page > History of Edison Motion Pictures

Action Films Action Films: This major genre type includes films that have tremendous impact, continuous high energy, lots of physical stunts and activity, possibly extended chase scenes, races, rescues, battles, martial arts, mountains and mountaineering, destructive disasters (floods, explosions, natural disasters, fires, etc.), fights, escapes, non-stop motion, spectacular rhythm and pacing, and adventurous heroes - all designed for pure audience escapism with the action sequences at the core of the film. Action films and adventure films have tremendous cross-over potential as film genres, and road films often overlap with action films. (See the adventure film genre listings for examples of these action/adventure pictures.) Both types of films come in a variety of forms or genre-hybrids: sci-fi or space, thrillers, crime-drama, war, horror, westerns, etc. The Beginnings: This film genre actually began with the silent era's serial films around the time of Edwin S. James Bond - Agent 007 Spy Series:

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