Case-based reasoning It has been argued that case-based reasoning is not only a powerful method for computer reasoning, but also a pervasive behavior in everyday human problem solving; or, more radically, that all reasoning is based on past cases personally experienced. This view is related to prototype theory, which is most deeply explored in cognitive science. Process[edit] Case-based reasoning has been formalized for purposes of computer reasoning as a four-step process:[1] Retrieve: Given a target problem, retrieve from memory cases relevant to solving it. A case consists of a problem, its solution, and, typically, annotations about how the solution was derived. Comparison to other methods[edit] At first glance, CBR may seem similar to the rule induction algorithms[2] of machine learning. Criticism[edit] Critics of CBR argue that it is an approach that accepts anecdotal evidence as its main operating principle. History[edit] See also[edit] References[edit] For further reading[edit] External links[edit]
James Hillman James Hillman (April 12, 1926 – October 27, 2011) was an American psychologist. He studied at, and then guided studies for, the C.G. Jung Institute in Zurich, founded a movement toward archetypal psychology and retired into private practice, writing and traveling to lecture, until his death at his home in Connecticut. Early life and education[edit] Hillman was born in Atlantic City, New Jersey in 1926. He was the third child of four born to Madeleine and Julian Hillman. Career[edit] Hillman was married three times, lastly to Margot McLean-Hillman, who survived him. Archetypal psychology[edit] Archetypal psychology is a polytheistic psychology, in that it attempts to recognize the myriad fantasies and myths that shape and are shaped by our psychological lives. In Re-Visioning Psychology (1975) Hillman sketches a brief lineage of archetypal psychology: By calling upon Jung to begin with, I am partly acknowledging the fundamental debt that archetypal psychology owes him. Psyche or soul[edit]
Constructive Aspect of Visual Perception: A Gestalt Field Theory Principle of Visual Reification Suggests a Phase Conjugate By Steven Lehar Many Gestalt illusions reveal a constructive, or generative aspect of perceptual processing where the experience contains more explicit spatial information than the visual stimulus on which it is based. The experience of Gestalt illusions often appears as volumetric spatial structures bounded by continuous colored surfaces embedded in a volumetric space. These, and many other phenomena, suggest a field theory principle of visual representation and computation in the brain. That is, an essential aspect of neurocomputation involves extended spatial fields of energy interacting in lawful ways across the tissue of the brain, as a spatial computation taking place in a spatial medium. Introduction There are many aspects of sensory and perceptual experience that exhibit a continuous spatial nature suggestive of a field theory principle of computation and/or representation in the brain. Figure 1. Field Theory Grassfire Metaphor Figure 2. Explicit versus Implicit Representation
List of cognitive biases In psychology and cognitive science, cognitive biases are systematic patterns of deviation from norm and/or rationality in judgment.[1][2] They are often studied in psychology, sociology and behavioral economics.[1] A memory bias is a cognitive bias that either enhances or impairs the recall of a memory (either the chances that the memory will be recalled at all, or the amount of time it takes for it to be recalled, or both), or that alters the content of a reported memory. Explanations include information-processing rules (i.e., mental shortcuts), called heuristics, that the brain uses to produce decisions or judgments. Biases have a variety of forms and appear as cognitive ("cold") bias, such as mental noise,[3] or motivational ("hot") bias, such as when beliefs are distorted by wishful thinking. Both effects can be present at the same time.[4][5] Although this research overwhelmingly involves human subjects, some studies have found bias in non-human animals as well. [edit] Association:
Feeding Your Demons Turning Towards These workshops are suitable for anyone who wants to work deeply with their own ‘demons’. The workshops provide a thorough grounding in this remarkable method for transforming and befriending negative emotions, fears, illness and self defeating patterns; and introduces the radical notion that to heal and transform ourselves we must ‘feed’ not fight our demons. The process has been developed and carefully designed by LamaTsultrim Allione, author of ‘Women of Wisdom’ and ‘Feeding Your Demons’. The five steps of the practice take one through the entire process of transforming ‘demons’ into allies, whereby the energy that is caught up in inner conflict becomes liberated and available to us as a resource. Vajralila and Sudakini have trained with Tsultrim Allione at her retreat centre in Colorado and are currently the only certified UK facilitators.
Gestalt psychology Gestalt psychology or gestaltism (German: Gestalt – "shape or form") is a theory of mind of the Berlin School. The central principle of gestalt psychology is that the mind forms a global whole with self-organizing tendencies. This principle maintains that the human mind considers objects in their entirety before, or in parallel with, perception of their individual parts; suggesting the whole is other than the sum of its parts. In the domain of perception, Gestalt psychologists stipulate that perceptions are the products of complex interactions among various stimuli. Origins[edit] Both von Ehrenfels and Edmund Husserl seem to have been inspired by Mach's work Beiträge zur Analyse der Empfindungen (Contributions to the Analysis of Sensations, 1886), in formulating their very similar concepts of gestalt and figural moment, respectively. These laws took several forms, such as the grouping of similar, or proximate, objects together, within this global process. Gestalt therapy[edit] Invariance
Interpersonal attraction Interpersonal attraction is the attraction between people which leads to friendships and romantic relationships. Interpersonal attraction, the process, is distinct from perceptions of physical attractiveness which involves views of what is and is not considered beautiful or attractive. The study of interpersonal attraction is a major area of research in social psychology. Interpersonal attraction is related to how much we like, dislike, or hate someone. It can be viewed as a force acting between two people that tends to draw them together and resist their separation. Measurement[edit] Any given interaction is characterized by a certain level of intensity, which is conveyed by individual and interpersonal behavior, including the more subtle nonverbal behavioral information of interpersonal attraction.[2] Causes[edit] Propinquity effect[edit] Mere exposure/exposure effect[edit] Similarity attraction effect[edit] The lookalike effect plays an important role called self-affirmation.
Breathing Space London - About Breathing Space - Our teachers - Paramabandhu Dr Paramabandhu Groves BA MB BS MRCPsych is a consultant psychiatrist working in the NHS and specialising in addiction. He has trained in Core Process Psychotherapy and cognitive-behavioural therapy, and has been teaching meditation and leading retreats at the London Buddhist Centre since 1990. He has led MBCT courses since 2004 and adapted it for preventing relapse into addiction (Mindfulness Based Relapse Prevention). His work with MBRP was featured in a full-page article in The Times in 2007. Most rcently Dr. He trains and supervises teachers of mindfulness-based approaches at the London Buddhist Centre, and has taught and presented at conferences for health professionals in the NHS. Apart from providing training in mindfulness withing the NHS, Dr Groves have also ran MBA training days for health proffesionals at Breathing Space since 2011, and he led a mindfulness course for GPs in February 2013.
Nucleic acid double helix In molecular biology, the term double helix[1] refers to the structure formed by double-stranded molecules of nucleic acids such as DNA. The double helical structure of a nucleic acid complex arises as a consequence of its secondary structure, and is a fundamental component in determining its tertiary structure. The term entered popular culture with the publication in 1968 of The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA, by James Watson. The DNA double helix polymer of nucleic acids, held together by nucleotides which base pair together.[2] In B-DNA, the most common double helical structure, the double helix is right-handed with about 10–10.5 nucleotides per turn.[3] The double helix structure of DNA contains a major groove and minor groove, the major groove being wider than the minor groove.[2] Given the difference in widths of the major groove and minor groove, many proteins which bind to DNA do so through the wider major groove.[4] History[edit]
Depth psychology Historically, depth psychology (from the German term Tiefenpsychologie), was coined by Eugen Bleuler to refer to psychoanalytic approaches to therapy and research that take the unconscious into account. The term has come to refer to the ongoing development of theories and therapies pioneered by Pierre Janet, William James, Sigmund Freud, and Carl Jung. Depth psychology explores the relationship between the conscious and the unconscious and includes both psychoanalysis and Jungian psychology.[1] In practice, depth psychology seeks to explore underlying motives as an approach to various mental disorders, with the belief that the uncovering of these motives is intrinsically healing. The initial work and development of the theories and therapies by Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler and Otto Rank that came to be known as depth psychology have resulted in three perspectives in modern times: Summary of primary elements[edit] See also[edit] References[edit] External links[edit]
K-line (artificial intelligence) A K-line, or Knowledge-line, is a mental agent which represents an association of a group of other mental agents found active when a subject solves a certain problem or formulates a new idea. These were first described in Marvin Minsky's essay K-lines: A Theory of Memory, published in 1980 in the journal Cognitive Science: When you “get an idea,” or “solve a problem” […] you create what we shall call a K-line. […]…When that K-line is later “activated”, it reactivates […] mental agencies, creating a partial mental state “resembling the original.”[1] "Whenever you 'get a good idea', solve a problem, or have a memorable experience, you activate a K-line to 'represent' it. Minsky, Marvin; The Society of Mind ISBN 0-671-65713-5 March 15, 1998.Minsky, Marvin; Papert, Seymour; Perceptrons: An Introduction to Computational Geometry ISBN 0-262-63111-3 December 28, 1987. Jump up ^ Minsky's "K-lines: A Theory of Memory
Acceptance and commitment therapy Noam Shpancer describes acceptance and commitment therapy as getting to know unpleasant feelings, then learning not to act upon them, and to not avoid situations where they are invoked. Its therapeutic effect is according to him a positive spiral where feeling better leads to a better understanding of the truth.[6] Basics[edit] ACT is developed within a pragmatic philosophy called functional contextualism. ACT is based on relational frame theory (RFT), a comprehensive theory of language and cognition that is an offshoot of behavior analysis. Fusion with your thoughtsEvaluation of experienceAvoidance of your experienceReason-giving for your behavior And the healthy alternative is to ACT: Accept your reactions and be presentChoose a valued directionTake action Core principles[edit] ACT commonly employs six core principles to help clients develop psychological flexibility:[7] Evidence[edit] Similarities[edit] Steven C. Criticisms[edit] Professional organizations[edit] See also[edit] Notes[edit]
Functional fixedness Functional fixedness is a cognitive bias that limits a person to using an object only in the way it is traditionally used. The concept of functional fixedness originated in Gestalt Psychology, a movement in psychology that emphasizes holistic processing. Karl Duncker defined functional fixedness as being a "mental block against using an object in a new way that is required to solve a problem."[1] This "block" limits the ability of an individual to use components given to them to complete a task, as they cannot move past the original purpose of those components. For example, if someone needs a paperweight, but they only have a hammer, they may not see how the hammer can be used as a paperweight. When tested, 5-year-old children show no signs of functional fixedness. Examples in research[edit] Experimental paradigms typically involve solving problems in novel situations in which the subject has the use of a familiar object in an unfamiliar context. Candle box[edit] Two-cord problem[edit]