Diffusion MRI Diffusion MRI (or dMRI) is a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method which came into existence in the mid-1980s.[1][2][3] It allows the mapping of the diffusion process of molecules, mainly water, in biological tissues, in vivo and non-invasively. Molecular diffusion in tissues is not free, but reflects interactions with many obstacles, such as macromolecules, fibers, membranes, etc. Water molecule diffusion patterns can therefore reveal microscopic details about tissue architecture, either normal or in a diseased state. The first diffusion MRI images of the normal and diseased brain were made public in 1985.[4][5] Since then, diffusion MRI, also referred to as diffusion tensor imaging or DTI (see section below) has been extraordinarily successful. In diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), the intensity of each image element (voxel) reflects the best estimate of the rate of water diffusion at that location. Diffusion[edit] Given the concentration and flux where D is the diffusion coefficient.
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, Unit 2, Chapter 5 David Matsumoto San Francisco State UniversityU.S.A. In my view, the study of culture provides three main contributions to our understanding of human behavior and mental processes. First there is great knowledge to impart about cultural similarities and differences in behavior, and these form the basis for improving psychological theories. Second the study of culture is a prime example of critical thinking in the field, as cross-cultural research begs the question about whether our notions of truth and psychological principles are applicable to people beyond those whom were studied. Third research on intercultural adjustment provides us with clues about possible psychological constructs that may be universally necessary for adjusting to life well in a pluralistic and diverse environment. I discuss these contributions, and reframe thinking about the goals of education focusing on these skills. My Introduction to Cross-Cultural Psychology Cross-Cultural Research on Emotion Judgments 1.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging Researcher checking fMRI images Functional magnetic resonance imaging or functional MRI (fMRI) is a functional neuroimaging procedure using MRI technology that measures brain activity by detecting associated changes in blood flow.[1] This technique relies on the fact that cerebral blood flow and neuronal activation are coupled. When an area of the brain is in use, blood flow to that region also increases. The primary form of fMRI uses the Blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) contrast,[2] discovered by Seiji Ogawa. The procedure is similar to MRI but uses the change in magnetization between oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood as its basic measure. This measure is frequently corrupted by noise from various sources and hence statistical procedures are used to extract the underlying signal. FMRI is used both in the research world, and to a lesser extent, in the clinical world. Overview[edit] History[edit] Three studies in 1992 were the first to explore using the BOLD contrast in humans.
The Other Jewish Genetic Diseases With Ashkenazic Disorders Getting All the Attention, America’s Sephardic Jews Often Lack Specialized Screening Programs By Talia Bloch Published August 19, 2009, issue of August 28, 2009. Randall Belinfante was a bit baffled. When he and his wife went to take blood tests in preparation for starting a family in 2003, he discovered that the screening included a panel of tests for Ashkenazic Jewish genetic disorders. “We told them at the time that we were not Ashkenazi, but they told us they don’t do testing for Sephardic diseases, just for Ashkenazi ones,” recalled Belinfante, who traces his ancestry to the Iberian Peninsula via the Balkans, Holland and England. With a note of bemusement, Belinfante, who is the librarian and archivist at the New York-based American Sephardi Federation, added, “Surprisingly enough, they found we did not have any of the Ashkenazi Jewish diseases.” But what about the others in the Jewish community? Dr.
Brain Atlas - Introduction The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and the spinal cord, immersed in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Weighing about 3 pounds (1.4 kilograms), the brain consists of three main structures: the cerebrum, the cerebellum and the brainstem. Cerebrum - divided into two hemispheres (left and right), each consists of four lobes (frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal). The outer layer of the brain is known as the cerebral cortex or the ‘grey matter’. It covers the nuclei deep within the cerebral hemisphere e.g. the basal ganglia; the structure called the thalamus, and the ‘white matter’, which consists mostly of myelinated axons. – closely packed neuron cell bodies form the grey matter of the brain. Cerebellum – responsible for psychomotor function, the cerebellum co-ordinates sensory input from the inner ear and the muscles to provide accurate control of position and movement. Basal Ganglia Thalamus and Hypothalamus Ventricles Limbic System Reticular Activating System Neurons Glia
7.2 MENDEL'S GENETICS, LINKAGE, AND THE MOUSE 7.2.1 Historical overview By the time the chemical nature of the gene was uncovered, genetics was already a mature science. In fact, Mendel's formulation of the basic principles of heredity was not even dependent on an understanding of the fact that genes existed within chromosomes. Mendel himself only formulated two of the three general features that underlie all studies in transmission genetics from sexually reproducing organisms. Mendel's first law comes into operation when diploid individuals produce "haploid" gametes — sperm or eggs — that each carry only a single complete set of genes. While Mendel's first law is concerned with the transmission of individual genes in isolation from each other, his second law was formulated in an attempt to codify the manner in which different genes are transmitted relative to each other. The purpose of this chapter is to develop the concepts of transmission genetics as they are applied to contemporary studies of the mouse. 7.2.2.1 The backcross
Maternal Inheritance and Maternal Effects The classic study of maternal inheritance was performed by Correns on the four o'clock plant. This plant can have either green, variegated (white and green) or white leaves. Flower structures can develop at different locations on the plant and the flower color corresponds to the leaf color. The results can be explained in the following manner. Copyright © 1997.
Bible History Online Images and Resources for Biblical History