Crowd psychology Crowd psychology, also known as mob psychology, is a branch of social psychology. Social psychologists have developed several theories for explaining the ways in which the psychology of the crowd differs from and interacts with that of the individuals within it. Major theorists in crowd psychology include Gustave Le Bon, Gabriel Tarde, Sigmund Freud and Steve Reicher. This field relates to the behaviors and thought processes of both the individual crowd members and the crowd as an entity.[1] Crowd behavior is heavily influenced by the loss of responsibility of the individual and the impression of universality of behavior, both of which increase with the size of the crowd.[2][3] Origins[edit] The psychological study of crowd phenomena began in the decades just prior to 1900 as European culture was imbued with thoughts of the fin de siècle. The first debate in crowd psychology began in Rome at the first International Congress of Criminal Anthropology on 16 November 1885. See also[edit]
Collective intelligence Types of collective intelligence Collective intelligence is shared or group intelligence that emerges from the collaboration, collective efforts, and competition of many individuals and appears in consensus decision making. The term appears in sociobiology, political science and in context of mass peer review and crowdsourcing applications. Collective intelligence strongly contributes to the shift of knowledge and power from the individual to the collective. History[edit] A precursor of the concept is found in entomologist William Morton Wheeler's observation that seemingly independent individuals can cooperate so closely as to become indistinguishable from a single organism (1911).[14] Wheeler saw this collaborative process at work in ants that acted like the cells of a single beast he called a "superorganism". Dimensions[edit] Howard Bloom has discussed mass behavior—collective behavior from the level of quarks to the level of bacterial, plant, animal, and human societies. Openness
Collective identity Collective identity is the shared sense of belonging to a group. It is conceptualized as individuals’ identifications of, identifications with, or attachment to certain groups. Collective Identity in Sociology[edit] In 1989, Alberto Melucci published Nomads of the Present, which introduces his model of collective identity based on studies of the social movements of the 1980s. Alberto Melucci writes, “collective identity is an interactive and shared definition produced by several interacting individuals who are concerned with the orientation of their action as well as the field of opportunities and constraints in which their action takes place.” Cognitive Definitions: the formulation of a cognitive framework concerning goals, means and environment of actionActive Relationship: the activation of relationships among participantsEmotional Investments: emotional recognition between individuals. Collective Identity in Social Psychology[edit] Collective Identity in Political Science[edit]
Subconscious In psychology, the subconscious is the part of consciousness that is not currently in focal awareness. The word subconscious is an anglicized version of the French subconscient as coined by the psychologist Pierre Janet, who argued that underneath the layers of critical thought functions of the conscious mind lay a powerful awareness that he called the subconscious mind.[1] Because there is a limit to the information that can be held in conscious focal awareness, a storehouse of one's knowledge and prior experience is needed; this is the subconscious.[2] The subconscious and psychoanalysis[edit] The subconscious is commonly encountered as a replacement for the unconscious mind and therefore, laypersons commonly assume that the subconscious is a psychoanalytic term; it isn't. The subconscious and instinct[edit] The subconscious mind is a composite of everything one sees, hears and any information the mind collects that it cannot otherwise consciously process to make meaningful sense.
Evolutionary musicology History[edit] The origins of the field can be traced back to Charles Darwin who wrote in his Descent of Man: "When we treat of sexual selection we shall see that primeval man, or rather some early progenitor of man, probably first used his voice in producing true musical cadences, that is in singing, as do some of the gibbon-apes at the present day; and we may conclude from a widely-spread analogy, that this power would have been especially exerted during the courtship of the sexes,--would have expressed various emotions, such as love, jealousy, triumph,--and would have served as a challenge to rivals. It is, therefore, probable that the imitation of musical cries by articulate sounds may have given rise to words expressive of various complex emotions. This theory of a musical protolanguage has been revived and re-discovered repeatedly, often without attribution to Darwin.[2][3] The origin of music[edit] The Musilanguage hypothesis[edit] Properties of the musilanguage stage[edit] Fitch, W.
Inner child In popular psychology and analytical psychology, inner child is our childlike aspect. It includes all that we learned and experienced as children, before puberty. The inner child denotes a semi-independent entity subordinate to the waking conscious mind. The inner child is the best known lower third of a comprehensive model of the human psyche called the Three Selves. [1] The Twelve-step program recovery movement considers healing the inner child to be one of the essential stages in recovery from addiction, abuse, trauma, or post-traumatic stress disorder. Origins[edit] The inner child is often characterized as a subpersonality. See also[edit] References[edit]
Biomusicology Biomusicology is the study of music from a biological point of view. The term was coined by Nils L. Wallin in 1991.[1] Music is an aspect of the behaviour of the human and possibly other species. Biomusicologists are expected to have completed formal studies in both biology or other experimental sciences and musicology including music theory. Applied biomusicology "attempts to provide biological insight into such things as the therapeutic uses of music in medical and psychological treatment; widespread use of music in the audiovisual media such as film and television; the ubiquitous presence of music in public places and its role in influencing mass behavior; and the potential use of music to function as a general enhancer of learning Zoomusicology, as opposed to anthropomusicology, is most often biomusicological, and biomusicology is often zoomusicological. See also[edit] Related fields[edit] See also[edit] References[edit] Jump up ^ Wallin, N. Further reading[edit]
Higher self Concept[edit] The Higher Self is generally regarded as a form of being only to be recognized in a union with a divine source. In recent years the New Age faith has encouraged the idea of the Higher Self in contemporary culture, though the notion of the Higher Self has been interpreted throughout numerous historical spiritual faiths. Religious views[edit] Christian: In the Christian Interpretation, the Bible teaches that all beings contain a fragment of the Holy Spirit that ties them to the higher self, or God. New Age: Most New Age literature defines the Higher self as an extension of the self to a more advanced and incorporeal realm. Higher self meditation and channeling[edit] In numerous reports concerning the Higher Self, the practice of meditation or channeling to contact the Higher Self is highly encouraged. See also[edit] References[edit] Jump up ^ The Key to Theosophy, H.P.
Isochronous A sequence of events is isochronous if the events occur regularly, or at equal time intervals. Isochronous timing differs from synchronous timing, in that the latter refers to relative timing between two or more sequences of events. The term isochronous is used in several technical contexts, but often refers to the primary subject maintaining a certain interval, despite variations in other measurable factors in the same system. This article incorporates public domain material from the General Services Administration document "Federal Standard 1037C" (in support of MIL-STD-188).
Paradigms Isochronic tones Isochronic tones Brainwave entrainment Brainwave Entrainment is any practice that aims to cause brainwave frequencies to fall into step with a periodic stimulus having a frequency corresponding to the intended brain-state (for example, to induce sleep), usually attempted with the use of specialized software. It purportedly depends upon a "frequency following" response on the assumption that the human brain has a tendency to change its dominant EEG frequency towards the frequency of a dominant external stimulus.[citation needed] Such a stimulus is often aural, as in the case of binaural or monaural beats and isochronic tones, or else visual, as with a dreamachine, a combination of the two with a mind machine, or even electromagnetic radiation. Hemispheric Synchronization, a potential and generally desired result of brainwave entrainment, refers to a state when the brainwave pattern of the right and left hemispheres become alike. A person with similar activity in both hemispheres is alleged[by whom?] History[edit] Notes[edit]