Semantic theory of truth In the philosophy of language, a theory of truth holding that truth is a property of sentences A semantic theory of truth is a theory of truth in the philosophy of language which holds that truth is a property of sentences.[1] Origin[edit] The semantic conception of truth, which is related in different ways to both the correspondence and deflationary conceptions, is due to work by Polish logician Alfred Tarski. Tarski's theory of truth[edit] To formulate linguistic theories[2] without semantic paradoxes such as the liar paradox, it is generally necessary to distinguish the language that one is talking about (the object language) from the language that one is using to do the talking (the metalanguage). Tarski's material adequacy condition, also known as Convention T, holds that any viable theory of truth must entail, for every sentence "P", a sentence of the following form (known as "form (T)"): (1) "P" is true if, and only if, P. For example, Kripke's theory of truth[edit] See also[edit]
Recursive definition Four stages in the construction of a Koch snowflake. As with many other fractals, the stages are obtained via a recursive definition. (n + 1)! = (n + 1)·n!. The recursion theorem states that such a definition indeed defines a function that is unique. An inductive definition of a set describes the elements in a set in terms of other elements in the set. 1 is in N.If an element n is in N then n + 1 is in N.N is the intersection of all sets satisfying (1) and (2). There are many sets that satisfy (1) and (2) – for example, the set {1, 1.649, 2, 2.649, 3, 3.649, ...} satisfies the definition. Properties of recursively defined functions and sets can often be proved by an induction principle that follows the recursive definition. Form of recursive definitions[edit] Most recursive definitions have two foundations: a base case (basis) and an inductive clause. Principle of recursive definition[edit] Let A be a set and let a0 be an element of A. such that Examples of recursive definitions[edit]
true English[edit] Etymology[edit] From Middle English trewe, from Old English trīewe, (Mercian) trēowe (“trusty, faithful”), from Proto-Germanic *triwwiz (compare Saterland Frisian trjou (“honest”), Dutch getrouw and trouw, German treu, Norwegian and Swedish trygg (“safe, secure’”), from pre-Germanic *drewh₂yos, from Proto-Indo-European *drewh₂- (“steady, firm”) (compare Irish dearbh (“sure”), Old Prussian druwis (“faith”), Ancient Greek δροόν (droón, “firm”)), extension of *dóru (“tree”). More at tree. For the semantic development, compare Latin robustus (“tough”) from robur (“red oak”). Pronunciation[edit] (UK) IPA(key): /tɹuː/(US) enPR: trōō IPA(key): /tɹu/, [t͡ʃɹu](archaic) IPA(key): /tɹjuː/, /tɹɪw/Rhymes: -uː Adjective[edit] true (comparative truer or more true, superlative truest or most true) Antonyms[edit] Derived terms[edit] Related terms[edit] truth Translations[edit] The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables, removing any numbers.
Truth condition From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Condition required for a semantic statement to be true See also[edit] Notes and references[edit] Iten, C. (2005). Linguistic description Work of objectively describing a particular language All academic research in linguistics is descriptive; like all other scientific disciplines, it seeks to describe reality, without the bias of preconceived ideas about how it ought to be.[2][3][4][5] Modern descriptive linguistics is based on a structural approach to language, as exemplified in the work of Leonard Bloomfield and others.[6] This type of linguistics utilizes different methods in order to describe a language such as basic data collection, and different types of elicitation methods.[7] Descriptive versus prescriptive linguistics[edit] Linguistic description is often contrasted with linguistic prescription,[8] which is found especially in education and in publishing.[9][10] History of the discipline[edit] Even though more and more languages were discovered, the full diversity of language was not yet fully recognized. Methods[edit] The first critical step of language description is to collect data. Challenges[edit] See also[edit]
Pāṇini Ancient Sanskrit grammarian Pāṇini (Sanskrit: पाणिनि) (pronounced [paːɳɪnɪ], variously dated between fl. 4th century BCE; and "6th to 5th century BCE"[web 1][note 1]) was an ancient Sanskrit philologist, grammarian, and a revered scholar in ancient India. Considered "the father of linguistics", after the discovery and publication of Pāṇini's work by European scholars in the nineteenth century,[12][13] his influence on aspects of the development of modern linguists is widely recognized in the profession; his grammar was influential on foundational scholars such as Ferdinand de Saussure and Leonard Bloomfield.[14] Pāṇini likely lived in Shalatula in ancient Gandhara in the northwest Indian subcontinent, during the Mahajanapada era.[15] The name Pāṇini is a patronymic meaning descendant of Paṇina.[25] His full name was "Dakṣiputra Pāṇini" according to verses 1.75.13 and 3.251.12 of Patanjali's Mahābhāṣya, with the first part suggesting his mother's name was Dakṣi. Date and context[edit] Works
20th century The 20th century was a century that began on January 1, 1901[1] and ended on December 31, 2000.[2] It was the tenth and final century of the 2nd millennium. It is distinct from the century known as the 1900s which began on January 1, 1900 and ended on December 31, 1999. The 20th century was dominated by a chain of events that heralded significant changes in world history as to redefine the era: flu pandemic, World War I and World War II, nuclear power and space exploration, nationalism and decolonization, the Cold War and post-Cold War conflicts; intergovernmental organizations and cultural homogenization through developments in emerging transportation and communications technology; poverty reduction and world population growth, awareness of environmental degradation, ecological extinction;[3][4] and the birth of the Digital Revolution. Overview[edit] The century had the first global-scale total wars between world powers across continents and oceans in World War I and World War II.
Mid-twentieth century baby boom The middle of the twentieth century was marked by significant and persistent increase in fertility rates in many countries of the world, especially in the West. There is some disagreement as to the precise beginning and ending dates of the post-war baby boom, but it is most often agreed to have begun in the years immediately after the war, though some place it earlier at the increase of births in 1941–1943. The boom started to decline as birth rates in the United States started to decline in 1958, though the boom would only grind to a halt 3 years later in 1961, 20 years after it began. In countries that had suffered heavy war damage, displacement of people, and post-war economic hardship (e.g., Germany and Poland), the boom began some years later. Baby-boom did coincide with the marriage boom, a significant increase in nuptiality.[1] Causes[edit] Jan Van Bavel and David S. Judith Blake and Prithwis Das Gupta point out the increase in ideal family size in the times of baby-boom.[9]
Language documentation Language documentation (also: documentary linguistics) is a subfield of linguistics which aims to describe the grammar and use of human languages. It aims to provide a comprehensive record of the linguistic practices characteristic of a given speech community.[1][2][3] Language documentation seeks to create as thorough a record as possible of the speech community for both posterity and language revitalization. Language documentation also provides a firmer foundation for linguistic analysis in that it creates a citable set of materials in the language on which claims about the structure of the language can be based. Methods[edit] Language documentation complements language description, which aims to describe a language's abstract system of structures and rules in the form of a grammar or dictionary. Types[edit] Language description, as a task within linguistics, may be divided into separate areas of specialization: Related research areas[edit] Organizations[edit] References[edit]
Generation Jones The name "Generation Jones" has several connotations, including a large anonymous generation, a "keeping up with the Joneses" competitiveness and the slang word "jones" or "jonesing", meaning a yearning or craving.[7][8][9][10] It is said[by whom?] that Jonesers were given huge expectations as children in the 1960s, and then confronted with a different reality as they came of age during a long period of mass unemployment and when de-industrialization arrived full force in the mid to late 1970s and 1980s, leaving them with a certain unrequited "jonesing" quality for the more prosperous days in the past. The generation is noted for coming of age after a huge swath of their older brothers and sisters in the earlier portion of the Baby Boomer population had come immediately preceding them; thus, many Generation Jones members complain that there was a paucity of resources and privileges available to them that were seemingly abundant to those fellow Baby Boomers born earlier. See also[edit]
Language revitalization Language revitalization, also referred to as language revival or reversing language shift, is an attempt to halt or reverse the decline of a language or to revive an extinct one.[1] Those involved can include parties such as linguists, cultural or community groups, or governments. Some argue for a distinction between language revival (the resurrection of a dead language with no existing native speakers) and language revitalization (the rescue of a "dying" language). It has been pointed out that there has only been one successful instance of a complete language revival, that of the Hebrew language, creating a new generation of native speakers without any pre-existing native speakers as a model.[2][unreliable source?] Languages targeted for language revitalization include those whose use and prominence is severely limited. Reasons for revitalization vary. Language revitalization is also closely tied to the linguistic field of language documentation. Healthy/strong Weakening/sick Dead Extinct
Revival of the Hebrew language The process of Hebrew's return to regular usage is unique; there are no other examples of a natural language without any native speakers subsequently acquiring several million native speakers, and no other examples of a sacred language becoming a national language with millions of "first language" speakers. The language's revival eventually brought linguistic additions with it. While the initial leaders of the process insisted they were only continuing "from the place where Hebrew's vitality was ended", what was created represented a broader basis of language acceptance; it includes characteristics derived from all periods of Hebrew language, as well as from the non-Hebrew languages used by the long-established European, North African, and Middle Eastern Jewish communities, with Yiddish (the European variant) being predominant. Background[edit] Even so, during the Middle Ages, Jews used the language in a wide variety of disciplines. Revival of literary Hebrew[edit] Hebrew writers[edit]
Judaism Judaism (from the Latin Iudaismus, derived from the Greek Ἰουδαϊσμός, and ultimately from the Hebrew יהודה, Yehudah, "Judah";[1][2] in Hebrew: יהדות, Yahadut, the distinctive characteristics of the Judean ethnos)[3] is the religion, philosophy and way of life of the Jewish people.[4] Judaism is a monotheistic religion, with the Torah as its foundational text (part of the larger text known as the Tanakh or Hebrew Bible), and supplemental oral tradition represented by later texts such as the Mishnah and the Talmud. Judaism is considered by religious Jews to be the expression of the covenantal relationship God established with the Children of Israel.[5] Judaism includes a wide corpus of texts, practices, theological positions, and forms of organization. Judaism claims a historical continuity spanning more than 3,000 years. Defining character and principles of faith Defining character Glass platter inscribed with the Hebrew word zokhreinu - remember us Core tenets 13 Principles of Faith:
Hebrew language Northwest Semitic language Hebrew (Hebrew alphabet: עִבְרִית, ʿĪvrīt, pronounced [ivˈʁit] ( listen) or [ʕivˈrit] ( listen); Samaritan script: ࠏࠁࠓࠉࠕ; Paleo-Hebrew script: 𐤏𐤁𐤓𐤉𐤕) is a Northwest Semitic language within the Afroasiatic language family. According to Ethnologue, Hebrew was spoken by five million people worldwide in 1998;[4] in 2013, it was spoken by over nine million people worldwide.[18] After Israel, the United States has the second-largest Hebrew-speaking population, with approximately 220,000 fluent speakers (see Israeli Americans and Jewish Americans).[19] Modern Hebrew is the official language of the State of Israel, while pre-revival forms of Hebrew are used for prayer or study in Jewish and Samaritan communities around the world today; the latter group utilizes the Samaritan dialect as their liturgical tongue. Etymology[edit] History[edit] Hebrew belongs to the Canaanite group of languages. Oldest Hebrew inscriptions[edit] Classical Hebrew[edit] Biblical Hebrew[edit]