Rock Key

Geology - rocks and minerals Igneous rocks are formed by the solidification of magma, a silicate liquid generated by partial melting of the upper mantle or the lower crust. Different environments of formation, and the cooling rates associated with these, create very different textures and define the two major groupings within igneous rocks: Volcanic rocksVolcanic rocks form when magma rises to the surface and erupts, either as lava or pyroclastic material. Plutonic rocksPlutonic rocks form when magma cools within the Earth's crust. Textures of igneous rocks The environment of formation produces characteristic textures in igneous rocks which aid in their identification. Phaneritic - This texture describes a rock with large, easily visible, interlocking crystals of several minerals. Porphyritic - This texture describes a rock that has well-formed crystals visible to the naked eye, called phenocrysts, set in a very fine grained or glassy matrix, called the groundmass. Other features

The Life Cycle of a Mineral Deposit—A Teacher’s Guide for Hands-On Mineral Education Activities This teacher's guide defines what a mineral deposit is and how a mineral deposit is identified and measured, how the mineral resources are extracted, and how the mining site is reclaimed; how minerals and mineral resources are processed; and how we use mineral resources in our every day lives. Included are 10 activitybased learning exercises that educate students on basic geologic concepts; the processes of finding, identifying, and extracting the resources from a mineral deposit; and the uses of minerals. The guide is intended for K through 12 Earth science teachers and students and is designed to meet the National Science Content Standards as defined by the National Research Council (1996). To assist in the understanding of some of the geology and mineral terms, see the Glossary (appendix 1) and Minerals and Their Uses (appendix 2).

VHP Photo Glossary: Volcanic rocks An igneous rock is formed by the cooling and crystallization of molten rock. The term igneous is derived from ignius, the Latin word for fire. Scientists have divided igneous rocks into two broad categories based on where the molten rock solidified. Volcanic rocks (also called extrusive igneous rocks) include all the products resulting from eruptions of lava (flows and fragmented debris called pyroclasts). Plutonic rocks (also called intrusive igneous rocks) are those that have solidified below ground; plutonic comes from Pluto, the Greek god of the underworld. The initial distinction between volcanic and plutonic rocks is made on the basis of texture (fine-grained volcanic vs. coarse-grained plutonic). Volcanic and plutonic rocks are divided further on the basis of chemistry and mineral composition. These rock types all have different characteristics, including temperature when fluid, viscosity (resistance to flow), composition, explosiveness, and types, amounts, and sizes of minerals.

Infographic: Potential vs. Kinetic Energy - KIDS DISCOVER Scientists define energy as the ability to get work done. The work can be anything from breathing to riding a bike to taking a nap. This free lesson sheet explains the two states for which all energy exists: potential and kinetic. Energy for iPad Packed with rich video and interactive animations, this app brings the topic of Energy to life, as kids discover the various sources and forms of energy we encounter on Earth, and how we as humans can better conserve our use of it. Video PreviewGet the app A Lesson in Potential and Kinetic Energy

Brooklyn College - Core 3.32 - Geology Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic rocks are the result of the transformation of a pre-existing rock type, the protolith, in a process called metamorphism, which means "change in form ".The protolith is subjected to heat and pressure (temperatures greater than 150 to 200 °C and pressures of 1500 bars) causing profound physical and/or chemical change. The protolith may be sedimentary rock, igneous rock or another older metamorphic rock. Temperature, pressure and chemically active fluids can alter existing rocks (while still in the solid state) to produce new rocks (and sometimes minerals) that are stable under the new conditions. The two basic types of metamorphic rocks are: foliated and non foliated. Low grade – Rocks that are metamorphosed under temperature and pressure conditions up to 400oC and 400 Mpa. High grade – Rocks that are metamorphosed under temperature and pressure conditions higher than about 400oC and 400 Mpa. Types of metamorphism

STRATA Terminology Sediment deposition and reworking associated with storms (tempestites) and turbidite currents (turbidites) are unpredictable, sudden, and catastrophic. Both experience many of the same processes, have similar character and so are difficult to distinguish from each other. tempestites are the products of storms that produce waves and currents that extend to and just below wave base in shallow shelf settings. The table and attached diagram below suggest strategies for separating tempestite deposits from those of turbidites. Table (After Einsele et al, 1991) References Einsele G., Ricken W., and Seilacher A., (editors), 1991, "cycles and events in stratigraphy", Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1991. 955p. Sedimentary Processes and Structures Of the variety of transport mechanisms discussed, sedimentologic evidence from the Trenton Limestone suggests that a variety of storm-influenced, gravity influenced, and suspension settling transport mechanisms were active in the accumulation of these carbonates. >>Back to Top Mud Transport in the Trenton: According to studies by Titus (1974) and Mehrtens (1988, 1992), aside from purely micritic beds with nearly 100% micritic mud, nearly all coarser-grained limestone beds in the Trenton are composed of between 10 and 50% micritic mud. Some of this micritic mud was potentially produced in the shallowest settings locally on the Trenton Shelf, but it is unlikely that the entire micritic mud budget is locally derived. Pelletal and flocculated muds were both transported as components of down-slope transport processes, either storm-generated or gravity generated, as well as through suspension settling processes as evidence by beds deposited during background sedimentation.

Sedimentary depositional environment Sedimentary depositional environment In geology, sedimentary depositional environment describes the combination of physical, chemical and biological processes associated with the deposition of a particular type of sediment and, therefore, the rock types that will be formed after lithification, if the sediment is preserved in the rock record. In most cases the environments associated with particular rock types or associations of rock types can be matched to existing analogues. However, the further back in geological time sediments were deposited, the more likely that direct modern analogues are not available (e.g. banded iron formations). Types of depositional environment Continental Transitional Marine Shallow water marine environmentDeep water marine environmentReef Others Recognition of depositional environments in ancient sediments References Harold G. External links Wikimedia Foundation. 2010. Look at other dictionaries: Eolianite — Holocene eolianite on Long Island, Bahamas.

OzCoasts Conceptual model: Aquatic sediments (changed from natural) model Our current best conceptual understanding of the stressor 'aquatic sediments' is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. Potential causes of a change to aquatic sediments and the condition responses observed as a result of this change. The introduction of both fine and coarse sediments into aquatic systems is an important natural process and is integral to the natural functioning of these systems. Within an estuary, fine sediments can remain in suspension, they may be deposited in low energy areas such as mangroves, forming muddy deposits, or are transported out of the estuary via tidal currents and are deposited in nearshore coastal areas. Factors that may work to modify the impacts of aquatic sediments include the water exchange rate as estuaries with higher flushing rates are less likely to retain additional sediment than those with smaller velocities. More information on this stressor.

Earth Materials Outline Making Ramen All we have to work with in sustaining our world: Earth’s Raw Materials 1. O- Oxygen 47% Si- Silicon 28% These together = 75% of continental crust... Al - Aluminum 8.1% Fe - Iron 5.0% Ca - Calcium 3.6% - nutrient Na - Sodium 2.8% - nutrient K - Potassium 2.6% - nutrient Mg - Magnesium 2.1% - nutrient 2. A. B. Felsic: lighter minerals with more Si (silicon); dominates in continental crust (SIAL) Mafic: dark minerals with Mg (magnesium) and Fe (iron); dominates in ocean crust (SIMA) C. o Silicates: have Si as base, Quartz (SiO2) = 75% o Aluminosilicates: have Si and Al, and when add (Ca, K, Na), you get Feldspars o Clay minerals: stick to your shoes and have tetrahedral structures: D. o Typical Morning: how you use minerals/elements o Pretty things to collect as Gemstones or Mantle Pieces: o Crystal Daze, Story of a 2001 Darwin Award Winner 3. Each one of these represents a different class in geology, studied for its own sake... 4. Another way to think of it: 5. o Examples: 6. 7.