Charles Cros Charles Cros or Émile-Hortensius-Charles Cros (October 1, 1842 – August 9, 1888) was a French poet and inventor. He was born in Fabrezan, Aude, France, 35 km to the East of Carcassonne. Cros was a well-regarded poet and humorous writer. As an inventor, he was interested in the fields of transmitting graphics by telegraph and making photographs in color, but he is perhaps best known for being the first person to conceive a method for reproducing recorded sound, an invention he named the Paleophone. Charles Cros died in Paris at the age of 45. Inventions[edit] In 1860 Cros began studies in medicine, but he soon abandoned them for a life of literary and scientific pursuits. Cros is perhaps most famous as the man who almost, but not quite, invented the phonograph. Before Cros had a chance to follow up on this idea or attempt to construct a working model, Thomas Alva Edison introduced his first working phonograph in the US. Poetry[edit] Bibliography[edit] Non-fiction[edit] Poetry[edit]
Alexander Fleming Scottish biologist, pharmacologist, botanist and Nobel Prize recipient Sir Alexander Fleming FRS FRSE FRCS[1] (6 August 1881 – 11 March 1955) was a Scottish physician and microbiologist, best known for discovering the world's first broadly effective antibiotic substance, which he named penicillin. His discovery in 1928 of what was later named benzylpenicillin (or penicillin G) from the mould Penicillium rubens is described as the "single greatest victory ever achieved over disease He also discovered the enzyme lysozyme from his nasal discharge in 1922, and along with it a bacterium he named Micrococcus Lysodeikticus, later renamed Micrococcus luteus. Early life and education Born on 6 August 1881 at Lochfield farm near Darvel, in Ayrshire, Scotland, Alexander Fleming was the third of four children of farmer Hugh Fleming (1816–1888) and Grace Stirling Morton (1848–1928), the daughter of a neighbouring farmer. Scientific contributions Antiseptics Discovery of lysozyme Discovery of penicillin
Shadow Area where light is blocked by an object Shadows of visitors to the Eiffel Tower, viewed from the first platform Park fence shadow is distorted by an uneven snow surface Shadows from cumulus clouds thick enough to block sunlight Point and non-point light sources[edit] A point source of light casts only a simple shadow, called an "umbra". The outlines of the shadow zones can be found by tracing the rays of light emitted by the outermost regions of the extended light source. By contrast, the penumbra is illuminated by some parts of the light source, giving it an intermediate level of light intensity. The absence of diffusing atmospheric effects in the vacuum of outer space produces shadows that are stark and sharply delineated by high-contrast boundaries between light and dark. For a person or object touching the surface where the shadow is projected (e.g. a person standing on the ground, or a pole in the ground) the shadows converge at the point of contact. Astronomy[edit] Lotus clour[edit]
Le Corbusier Signature Charles-Édouard Jeanneret-Gris, dit Le Corbusier, est un architecte, urbaniste, décorateur, peintre, sculpteur, auteur suisse naturalisé français[a], né le 6 octobre 1887 à La Chaux-de-Fonds en Suisse et mort le 27 août 1965 à Roquebrune-Cap-Martin en France. Il est l'un des principaux représentants du mouvement moderne avec, entre autres, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Walter Gropius, Alvar Aalto et Theo van Doesburg. Il a de même côtoyé Robert Mallet-Stevens. L'œuvre architecturale de Le Corbusier regroupant dix-sept sites (dont dix en France, les autres étant répartis sur trois continents) est classée au patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO le 17 juillet 2016. Il est le père de l'architecture moderne, étant le premier à remplacer les murs porteurs extérieurs par des piliers de béton armé placés à l'intérieur des constructions. Dès lors, les façades ne portant plus les étages supérieurs, il est possible de les habiller avec des cloisons légères et de multiples et très grandes fenêtres.
Joseph Lister Lister's carbolic steam spray apparatus, Hunterian Museum, Glasgow Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister, OM PC PRS (5 April 1827 – 10 February 1912[1]), known between 1883 and 1897 as Sir Joseph Lister, Bt., was a British surgeon and a pioneer of antiseptic surgery. Applying Louis Pasteur's advances in microbiology, Lister championed the use of carbolic acid as an antiseptic, so that it became the first widely used antiseptic in surgery. He first suspected it would prove an adequate disinfectant because it was used to ease the stench from fields irrigated with sewage waste. Lister's work led to a reduction in post-operative infections and made surgery safer for patients, distinguishing him as the "father of modern surgery".[2] Early life and education[edit] The Lord Lister Hotel in Hitchin, formerly Benjamin Abbott's Isaac Brown Academy, where Lister was a student from 1838 to 1841 At school, he became a fluent reader of French and German. Career and work[edit] Joseph Lister in his youth
Animal Kingdom of living things Most living animal species are in Bilateria, a clade whose members have a bilaterally symmetric body plan. The Bilateria include the protostomes, containing animals such as nematodes, arthropods, flatworms, annelids and molluscs, and the deuterostomes, containing the echinoderms and the chordates, the latter including the vertebrates. Life forms interpreted as early animals were present in the Ediacaran biota of the late Precambrian. Humans make use of many animal species, such as for food (including meat), for materials (such as leather and wool), as pets, and as working animals including for transport. Etymology Characteristics Structure With few exceptions—in particular, the sponges and placozoans—animal bodies are differentiated into tissues.[25] These include muscles, which enable locomotion, and nerve tissues, which transmit signals and coordinate the body. Reproduction and development Ecology Animals originally evolved in the sea. Diversity Size Phylogeny Notes
Gustave Eiffel - Gustave Eiffel Edward Jenner Edward Jenner, FRS (/ˈdʒɛnər/; 17 May 1749 – 26 January 1823) was an English physician and scientist who was the pioneer of smallpox vaccine, the world's first vaccine.[1][2] The terms "vaccine" and "vaccination" are derived from Variolae vaccinae (smallpox of the cow), the term devised by Jenner to denote cowpox. He used it in 1796 in the long title of his Inquiry into the Variolae vaccinae known as the Cow Pox, in which he described the protective effect of cowpox against smallpox.[3] Jenner is often called "the father of immunology", and his work is said to have "saved more lives than the work of any other human".[4][5][6] In Jenner’s time, smallpox killed around 10 percent of the population, with the number as high as 20 percent in towns and cities where infection spread more easily.[6] In 1821 he was appointed physician extraordinary to King George IV, and was also made mayor of Berkeley and justice of the peace. Early life[edit] Zoology[edit] Marriage and human medicine[edit]
Rapatronic Camera: An Atomic Blast Shot at 1/100,000,000th of a Second | PetaPixel This is a photo of an atomic bomb milliseconds after detonation, shot by Harold ‘Doc’ Edgerton in 1952 through his Rapatronic (Rapid Action Electronic) Camera. The photo was shot at night through a 10 foot lens, situated 7 miles away from the blast, atop a 75 foot tower. Edgerton systematically turned on and off magnetic fields acting as the camera’s shutter, as opposed to a conventional, mechanical close. How fast was the magnetic field shutter? For comparison, a manual 35mm camera has a ‘top speed’ of maybe 1/3200. This is 1/100,000,000th of a second after the first photo. This isn’t the normal funny, Mike – why would you post something like this? As a photographer, I’m inspired by odd things. As a human, It’s hard for me to fathom that something so horrible and destructive could be so mesmerizingly beautiful. Another 1/100,000,000th of a second later, and you can see the Joshua Trees with the front row seat to Doomstown. When I see the pics, I kind of zone out.
Denis Papin Louis Pasteur French chemist and microbiologist (1822–1895) Louis Pasteur ForMemRS (, French: [lwi pastœʁ]; 27 December 1822 – 28 September 1895) was a French chemist, pharmacist, and microbiologist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation, and pasteurization, the last of which was named after him. His research in chemistry led to remarkable breakthroughs in the understanding of the causes and preventions of diseases, which laid down the foundations of hygiene, public health and much of modern medicine.[5] Pasteur's works are credited with saving millions of lives through the developments of vaccines for rabies and anthrax. He is regarded as one of the founders of modern bacteriology and has been honored as the "father of bacteriology"[6] and the "father of microbiology"[7][8] (together with Robert Koch;[9][10] the latter epithet also attributed to Antonie van Leeuwenhoek).[11] Pasteur was responsible for disproving the doctrine of spontaneous generation.
Nociceptors: the sensors of the pain pathway Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot