Evidence-Hub.net Proto-Greek language The Proto-Greek language is the assumed last common ancestor of all known varieties of Greek, including Mycenaean, the classical Greek dialects (Attic-Ionic, Aeolic, Doric and Arcado-Cypriot), and ultimately Koine, Byzantine and modern Greek. Some scholars would include the fragmentary ancient Macedonian language, either as descended from an earlier "Proto-Hellenic" language, or by definition including it among the descendants of Proto-Greek as a Hellenic language and/or a Greek dialect.[1] Proto-Greek would have been spoken in the late 3rd millennium BC, most probably in the Balkans. The unity of Proto-Greek would have ended as Hellenic migrants, speaking the predecessor of the Mycenaean language, entered the Greek peninsula either around the 21st century BC, or in the 17th century BC at the latest. Phonology[edit] Proto-Greek changes[edit] The primary sound changes separating Proto-Greek from the Proto-Indo-European language included: Laryngeal changes[edit] Palatalization[edit]
PegaSys // Ethereum Explained: Merkle Trees, World State, Transactions, and More December 27, 2018 Ethereum Explained: Merkle Trees, World State, Transactions, and More At PegaSys we understand that entering into the Ethereum world can be a daunting task. There are many new concepts and terms that one needs to learn to engage in the community. In Ethereum Explained our protocol engineer, Lucas Saldanha, provides an easy to digest summary of the Ethereum Yellow Paper for technical and non-technical people alike. Hi everyone! I hope that after reading this post, you’ll know what Merkle trees are and the role that they play in Ethereum, what the world state and account state are, and what a transaction and a block look like. (DISCLAIMER: this post is based on the Byzantium version of the Yellow Paper, version e94ebda from 5th June 2018) Merkle Trees Before discussing the main data objects in Ethereum, I’d like to present a summary of what Merkle trees are and the properties that make them useful. 1. World State Account State *nonce *balance *storageRoot *codeHash Transaction 1. *to
Goal: Helping you take evidence-based action Hellenic languages Hellenic is the branch of the Indo-European language family that includes Greek.[3] In traditional classifications, Hellenic consists of Greek alone,[4][5] but some linguists group Greek together with various ancient languages thought to have been closely related or distinguish varieties of Greek that are distinct enough to be considered separate languages.[6][7] Greek and ancient Macedonian A family under the name "Hellenic" has been suggested to group together Greek proper and the ancient Macedonian language, which is barely attested and whose degree of relatedness to Greek is not well known. The suggestion of a "Hellenic" group with two branches, in this context, represents the idea that Macedonian was not simply a dialect within Greek but a "sibling language" outside the group of Greek varieties proper.[6][8] Other approaches include Macedonian as a dialect of Greek proper or as an unclassified Paleo-Balkan language. Modern Hellenic languages Language tree Classification See also
What is the Semantic Web? Mycenaean Greek Mycenaean Greek is the most ancient attested form of the Greek language, spoken on the Greek mainland, Crete and Cyprus in the 16th to 12th centuries BC, before the hypothesised Dorian invasion which was often cited as the terminus post quem for the coming of the Greek language to Greece. The language is preserved in inscriptions in Linear B, a script first attested on Crete before the 14th century BC. Most instances of these inscriptions are on clay tablets found in Knossos in central Crete, and in Pylos in the southwest of the Peloponnese. Other tablets have been found at Mycenae itself, Tiryns and Thebes and at Chania in Western Crete.[1] The language is named after Mycenae, one of the major centres of Mycenaean Greece. The tablets remained long undeciphered, and every conceivable language was suggested for them, until Michael Ventris deciphered the script in 1952 and by a preponderance of evidence proved the language to be an early form of Greek. Orthography[edit] Phonology[edit]
What is knowledge management Ethnologue Ethnologue: Languages of the World is a web-based publication that contains statistics for 7,105 languages and dialects in the 17th edition, released in 2013.[1] Up until the 16th edition in 2009, the publication was a printed volume. Ethnologue provides information on the number of speakers, location, dialects, linguistic affiliations, availability of the Bible in the language, and an estimate of language viability using EGIDS.[2] As of July 2013, it is the most comprehensive and accessible language catalog, although some information is dated or spurious. A project with similar goals that is still in development is the Linguasphere Observatory Register. Overview[edit] In 1984, the Ethnologue released a three-letter coding system, called an "SIL code", to identify each language that it describes. This set of codes significantly exceeded the scope of previous standards, e.g., ISO 639-1. What counts as a language depends on socio-linguistic evaluation: see Dialect. Editions[edit]