Where does it say in the Quran to kill infidels? Vedas Ancient scriptures of Hinduism The Vedas are ancient Sanskrit texts of Hinduism. Above: A page from the Atharvaveda. The Vedas (,[4] IAST: veda, Sanskrit: वेदः, lit. 'knowledge') are a large body of religious texts originating in ancient India. Composed in Vedic Sanskrit, the texts constitute the oldest layer of Sanskrit literature and the oldest scriptures of Hinduism.[5][6][7] There are four Vedas: the Rigveda, the Yajurveda, the Samaveda and the Atharvaveda.[8][9] Each Veda has four subdivisions – the Samhitas (mantras and benedictions), the Aranyakas (text on rituals, ceremonies, sacrifices and symbolic-sacrifices), the Brahmanas (commentaries on rituals, ceremonies and sacrifices), and the Upanishads (texts discussing meditation, philosophy and spiritual knowledge).[8][10][11] Some scholars add a fifth category – the Upasanas (worship). The Vedas have been orally transmitted since the 2nd millennium BCE with the help of elaborate mnemonic techniques. Etymology and usage Vedic texts
Ludwig Tieck Johann Ludwig Tieck (/tiːk/; German: [tiːk]; 31 May 1773 – 28 April 1853) was a German poet, fiction writer, translator, and critic. He was one of the founding fathers of the Romantic movement in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Early life[edit] Tieck was born in Berlin, the son of a rope-maker. On returning to Berlin in 1794, Tieck attempted to make a living by writing. Adoption of Romanticism[edit] Tieck's transition to Romanticism is seen in the series of plays and stories published under the title Volksmärchen von Peter Lebrecht (3 vols., 1797), a collection containing the fairy tale Der blonde Eckbert, which blends exploration of the paranoiac mind with the realm of the supernatural, and a witty dramatic satire on Berlin literary taste, Der gestiefelte Kater. In 1817 Tieck visited England in order to collect materials for a work on Shakespeare, which was never finished. Later years[edit] Literary significance[edit] Works[edit] Translations[edit] Influences[edit] Letters[edit]
Bhishma In the Mahabharata, Bhishma (Sanskrit: भीष्म) was well known for his pledge of Celibacy. He was the eighth son of Kuru King Shantanu and the river goddess Ganga.[1] Bhishma was blessed with wish-long life and was related to both the Pandava and the Kaurava.[2] He was an unparalleled archer and warrior of his time. He also handed down the Vishnu Sahasranama to Yudhishtira[3] when he was on his death bed (of arrows) in the battle of Kurukshetra. Etymology[edit] In Sanskrit, the word Bhishma (भीष्म) means 'one who undertakes a terrible vow (bheeshma pratigya) and fulfills it.' His other names are as follows - Devavrata (देवव्रत)Gangaputra (गंगापुत्र) - son of GangaShantanava (शान्तनव) - descendant (son) of ShantanuPitamaha (पितामह) - paternal grandfatherMahamahima (महामहिम) - great king or the one who is excessively greatGauranga (गौरांग) - the one with fair bodyShvetaveera (श्वेतवीर) - a white warrior or the one who is heroic whiteAshta Vasu - elemental gods (in previous life) Birth[edit]
Brahma Sutras The Brahma sūtras (Sanskrit: ब्रह्म सूत्र), also known as the Vedānta Sūtras (वेदान्त सूत्र), are one of the three canonical texts of the Vedānta school of Hindu philosophy. The Brahma sūtra is an early exposition of the Vedanta-interpretation of the Upanishads. It is an attempt to systematise the various strands of the Upanishads which form the background of the orthodox systems of thought. Author[edit] The Brahma Sutras are attributed to Badarayana. Overview[edit] The Brahma Sūtras are also known by other names: Vedānta Sūtras, Uttara Mīmāmsā-sūtras, Śārīraka Sūtras, Śārīraka Mimāmsā-sūtras. The Brahma Sūtras attempt to reconcile the seemingly contradictory and diverse statements of the various Upanishads and the Bhagavad Gītā, by placing each teaching in a doctrinal context. The Vedānta Sūtras supply ample evidence that at a very early time, i.e. a period before their own final composition, there were differences of opinion among the various interpreters of the Vedānta. Structure[edit]
Convention on Biological Diversity in Egypt. 28 November 2018 Nele Marien explains the scale and cost of financial lobbying against biodiversity efforts. Corporate pressure has been strong during the past two weeks of negotiations at the Convention on Biological Diversity in Egypt. Conflicts of interest Corporations are stacking scientific sub-bodies with their own people. Conflicting interests will not be made public. Forced in to corporate terms One of the biodiversity buzzwords is ‘mainstreaming’, and almost everyone is paying the term lip service. Two years ago, delegates to the Convention were being asked to do mainstreaming work on agriculture, fisheries, tourism, and forestry – industries that are damaging to the environment, to be sure, but which will nonetheless collapse if our ecosystems do. There are no solutions to the biodiversity crisis to be found within, or by working with, these industries. Neoliberal business as usual The real solutions to the ecological crisis lie in valuing the wellbeing of people and the planet.
Upanishads Ancient Sanskrit religious and philosophical texts of Hinduism The Upanishads (;[1] Sanskrit: उपनिषद् Upaniṣad [ˈʊpɐnɪʂɐd]) are late Vedic Sanskrit texts of religious teaching and ideas still revered in Hinduism.[2][3][note 1][note 2] They are the most recent part of the oldest scriptures of Hinduism, the Vedas, that deal with meditation, philosophy, and ontological knowledge; other parts of the Vedas deal with mantras, benedictions, rituals, ceremonies, and sacrifices.[6][7][8] Among the most important literature in the history of Indian religions and culture, the Upanishads played an important role in the development of spiritual ideas in ancient India, marking a transition from Vedic ritualism to new ideas and institutions. Of all Vedic literature, the Upanishads alone are widely known, and their central ideas are at the spiritual core of Hinduism.[2][10] With the translation of the Upanishads in the early 19th century they also started to attract attention from a Western audience.
Novalis German poet and writer Georg Philipp Friedrich Freiherr von Hardenberg (2 May 1772 – 25 March 1801), better known by his pen name Novalis (German pronunciation: [noˈvaːlɪs]), was an 18th-century German aristocrat, poet, author, mystic and philosopher of Early German Romanticism. Novalis was born into a minor aristocratic family in Electoral Saxony. He was the second of eleven children; his early household observed a strict Pietist faith. He studied law at the University of Jena, the University of Leipzig, and the University of Wittenberg. While at Jena he published his first poem and befriended the playwright and poet Friedrich Schiller. Novalis's early reputation as a romantic poet was primarily based on his literary works, which were published by his friends Friedrich Schlegel and Ludwig Tieck shortly after his death, in 1802. Biography[edit] Birth and early background[edit] Novalis's early education was strongly influenced by Pietism. Coat-of-arms of the Hardenberg family Legacy[edit]
Bhishma Parva The Bhishma Parva describes the first 10 days of the great war between Pandavas and Kauravas. It includes Bhagvad Gita, the dialogue between Arjuna and Krishna on why and when war must be fought, dharma and the paths to liberation.[1][2] The Bhishma Parva (Sanskrit: भीष्म पर्व), or the Book of Bhishma, is the sixth of eighteen books of the Indian epic Mahabharata. Bhishma Parva traditionally has 4 sub-books and 122 chapters.[3][4] The critical edition of Sabha Parva has 4 sub-books and 117 chapters.[5][6] Bhishma Parva describes the first 10 days of the 18-day Kurukshetra War, and its consequences. It recites the story of Bhishma, the commander in chief of the Kaurava armies, who was fatally injured and can no longer lead as the commander.[4] This book of Mahabharata includes the widely studied Bhagavad gita, sometimes referred to as Gita, or The Song of the Lord, or The Celestial Song. Structure and chapters[edit] Fight between Bhishma and Arjuna. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1st day of war 2nd day war J.