W and Z bosons The W bosons are named after the weak force. The physicist Steven Weinberg named the additional particle the "Z particle",[3] and later gave the explanation that it was the last additional particle needed by the model. The W bosons had already been named, and the Z bosons have zero electric charge.[4] The two W bosons are verified mediators of neutrino absorption and emission. The Z boson mediates the transfer of momentum, spin and energy when neutrinos scatter elastically from matter (a process which conserves charge). Basic properties[edit] These bosons are among the heavyweights of the elementary particles. Weak nuclear force[edit] The W and Z bosons are carrier particles that mediate the weak nuclear force, much as the photon is the carrier particle for the electromagnetic force. W bosons[edit] The W bosons are best known for their role in nuclear decay. 60 27Co → 60 28Ni+ + e− + ν e This reaction does not involve the whole cobalt-60 nucleus, but affects only one of its 33 neutrons.
This stunning animal looks like a glitch in reality's programming Isn't there a butterfly with similar properties? SExpand Morpho butterfly? There was a clothing company called Biomimetic Design that claimed to have been able to duplicate the effect, but I think they're defunct or something now. Higgs boson The Higgs boson is named after Peter Higgs, one of six physicists who, in 1964, proposed the mechanism that suggested the existence of such a particle. Although Higgs's name has come to be associated with this theory, several researchers between about 1960 and 1972 each independently developed different parts of it. In mainstream media the Higgs boson has often been called the "God particle", from a 1993 book on the topic; the nickname is strongly disliked by many physicists, including Higgs, who regard it as inappropriate sensationalism.[17][18] In 2013 two of the original researchers, Peter Higgs and François Englert, were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for their work and prediction[19] (Englert's co-researcher Robert Brout had died in 2011). A non-technical summary[edit] "Higgs" terminology[edit] Overview[edit] If this field did exist, this would be a monumental discovery for science and human knowledge, and is expected to open doorways to new knowledge in many fields. History[edit]
Hierochloe odorata Characteristics[edit] Hierochloe odorata is a very hardy perennial. Its leaves do not have rigid stems, so only grow to about 20 cm (7.9 in) in height, and then the leaves grow outward horizontally to 100 cm (39 in) long or more, by late summer. The bases of the leaves, just below the soil surface are broad and white, without hairs; the underside of the leaves are shiny, without hairs. In the wild, the bases of the leaves are frequently purple-red colored, this indicates a phosphorus-deficient soil. There are several strains of sweetgrass—a regular strain that can be harvested once or twice a year, and a naturally occurring polyploid strain, which is much faster growing and can be harvested three to five times a year. [3] Taxonomy[edit] The name Hierochloe odorata is from the Greek, literally "holy fragrant grass". Propagation[edit] Easiest by cutting out plugs from established plants. Distribution[edit] Uses[edit] European traditions[edit] Native American traditions[edit] References[edit]
Gluon Gluons /ˈɡluːɒnz/ are elementary particles that act as the exchange particles (or gauge bosons) for the strong force between quarks, analogous to the exchange of photons in the electromagnetic force between two charged particles.[6] In technical terms, gluons are vector gauge bosons that mediate strong interactions of quarks in quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Gluons themselves carry the color charge of the strong interaction. This is unlike the photon, which mediates the electromagnetic interaction but lacks an electric charge. Properties[edit] Diagram 1: e+e− -> Y(9.46) -> 3g Numerology of gluons[edit] Unlike the single photon of QED or the three W and Z bosons of the weak interaction, there are eight independent types of gluon in QCD. This may be difficult to understand intuitively. Color charge and superposition[edit] This is read as "red–antiblue plus blue–antired". Color singlet states[edit] The color singlet state is:[7] Eight gluon colors[edit] Group theory details[edit] Confinement[edit]
Chinese Beautyberry - Wikipedia In den Blattachseln der gegenständigen Laubblätter die Blütenstände von Callicarpa giraldii var. giraldii 'Profusion'. Die Chinesische Schönfrucht (Callicarpa giraldii), auch einfach Schönfrucht, Purpur-Schönfrucht oder Liebesperlenstrauch genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart, die zur Familie der Lippenblütler (Lamiaceae) gehört. Sie wird in Parks und Gärten der Gemäßigten Klimazonen als Zierpflanze verwendet. Hauptsächlich wird die Sorte 'Profusion' der Varietät Callicarpa giraldii var. giraldii angepflanzt. Beheimatet ist diese Pflanzenart in Mittel- bis Westchina, in Höhenlagen von 200 bis 3400 Meter. Beschreibung[Bearbeiten] Sehr zierend sind die sich sehr zahlreich am zweijährigen Holz bildenden, beerenartigen Steinfrüchte. Systematik[Bearbeiten] Es werden drei Varietäten unterschieden: Von manchen Autoren wird die Gattung Callicarpa in die Familie der Eisenkrautgewächse (Verbenaceae) gestellt. Bilder[Bearbeiten] Quellen[Bearbeiten] Shou-liang Chen und Michael G. Weblinks[Bearbeiten]
Lepton A lepton is an elementary, spin-1⁄2 particle that does not undergo strong interactions, but is subject to the Pauli exclusion principle.[1] The best known of all leptons is the electron, which governs nearly all of chemistry as it is found in atoms and is directly tied to all chemical properties. Two main classes of leptons exist: charged leptons (also known as the electron-like leptons), and neutral leptons (better known as neutrinos). Charged leptons can combine with other particles to form various composite particles such as atoms and positronium, while neutrinos rarely interact with anything, and are consequently rarely observed. The first charged lepton, the electron, was theorized in the mid-19th century by several scientists[3][4][5] and was discovered in 1897 by J. Leptons are an important part of the Standard Model. Etymology[edit] Following a suggestion of Prof. The etymology incorrectly implies that all the leptons are of small mass. History[edit] Properties[edit] Mass[edit]
Sagittarius Constellation: Facts, Mythology, Stars, Location, Star Map | Constellation Guide Sagittarius constellation lies in the southern sky. It is one of the constellations of the zodiac. The constellation represents the archer in Greek mythology and is usually depicted as a centaur holding a bow and arrow. Sagittarius’ location is easy to find because the constellation lies on the Milky Way. Its symbol is ♐. Like other zodiac constellations, Sagittarius was originally catalogued by the Greek astronomer Ptolemy in the 2nd century. The constellation contains the luminous Pistol Star, the galactic centre, the radio source Sagittarius A, and a number of very famous deep sky objects, including the Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy, the Sagittarius Dwarf Irregular Galaxy, Barnard’s Galaxy, the Bubble Nebula, and as many as 15 Messier objects, among them the Omega Nebula, the Lagoon Nebula, and the Trifid Nebula. Sagittarius Constellation Map, by IAU and Sky&Telescope magazine Sagittarius is the 15th largest constellation in the sky. Nunki – σ Sagittarii (Sigma Sagittarii)
Quark A quark (/ˈkwɔrk/ or /ˈkwɑrk/) is an elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter. Quarks combine to form composite particles called hadrons, the most stable of which are protons and neutrons, the components of atomic nuclei.[1] Due to a phenomenon known as color confinement, quarks are never directly observed or found in isolation; they can be found only within hadrons, such as baryons (of which protons and neutrons are examples), and mesons.[2][3] For this reason, much of what is known about quarks has been drawn from observations of the hadrons themselves. The quark model was independently proposed by physicists Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig in 1964.[5] Quarks were introduced as parts of an ordering scheme for hadrons, and there was little evidence for their physical existence until deep inelastic scattering experiments at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center in 1968.[6][7] Accelerator experiments have provided evidence for all six flavors. Classification[edit]
Oxygen (O) and water Oxygen is the most abundant element on earth. Oxygen exists as O2 and O3 (ozone), and is present in a number of compounds including water molecules. It can be found dissolved in water as O2 molecules. Consequently, the oxygen content of seawater is 85.7%. In what way and in what form does oxygen react with water? Gaseous oxygen does not react with water. O2 + 2 H2O + 4 e- -> 4 OH- Oxygen may oxidize organic matter. Fe2+ + 0,25 O2 -> Fe(OH)3 + 2,5 H+ Mn2+ + O2 -> MnO2 + 2 H+ NH4+ + 2 O2 -> NO3- + 6 H+ CH4 + 2 O2 -> CO2 + 4 H+ These mechanisms show that ammonium and methane apply large amounts of oxygen, and the resulting oxidation reactions form higher or lower amounts of acid. Solubility of oxygen and oxygen compounds Water solubility of oxygen at 25oC and pressure = 1 bar is at 40 mg/L water. Why is oxygen present in water? As was described earlier, oxygen dissolves naturally when water comes in contact with air. What are the environmental effects of oxygen in water?
Philosophical Foundations of Physics by Rudolf Carnap Rudolph Carnap (1966) Philosophical Foundations of Physics Source: Philosophical Foundations of Physics (1966) publ. Basic Books Inc. ONE OF THE most important distinctions between two types of laws in science is the distinction between what may be called (there is no generally accepted terminology for them) empirical laws and theoretical laws. Here, a warning must be issued. A philosopher might object that the intensity of an electric current is not really observed. The physicist would reply that this was true enough, but the inference was not very complicated. There is no question here of who is using the term “observable” in a right or proper way. Empirical laws, in my terminology, are laws containing terms either directly observable by the senses or measurable by relatively simple techniques. There is no commonly accepted term for the second kind of laws, which I call theoretical laws. Theoretical laws are, of course, more general than empirical laws. Chapter 24Correspondence Rules