REXX Rexx is supplied with VM/SP on up, TSO/E Version 2 on up, OS/2 (1.3 on up), AmigaOS Version 2 on up, PC DOS (7.0 or 2000), and Windows NT 4.0 (Resource Kit: Regina). REXX scripts for OS/2 share the filename extension .cmd with other scripting languages, and the first line of the script specifies the interpreter to be used. A Rexx script or command is sometimes referred to as an EXEC in a nod to Rexx's role as a replacement for the older EXEC command language on CP/CMS and VM/370 and EXEC 2 command language on VM/SP. Features[edit] Rexx has the following characteristics and features: Rexx has just twenty-three, largely self-evident, instructions (such as call, parse, and select) with minimal punctuation and formatting requirements. Rexx's syntax looks similar to PL/I, but has fewer notations; this makes it harder to parse (by program) but easier to use, except for cases where PL/I habits may lead to surprises. History[edit] Several freeware versions of Rexx are available. Syntax[edit]
Programming language The earliest programming languages preceded the invention of the digital computer and were used to direct the behavior of machines such as Jacquard looms and player pianos.[1] Thousands of different programming languages have been created, mainly in the computer field, and many more still are being created every year. Many programming languages require computation to be specified in an imperative form (i.e., as a sequence of operations to perform), while other languages utilize other forms of program specification such as the declarative form (i.e. the desired result is specified, not how to achieve it). Definitions[edit] A programming language is a notation for writing programs, which are specifications of a computation or algorithm.[2] Some, but not all, authors restrict the term "programming language" to those languages that can express all possible algorithms.[2][3] Traits often considered important for what constitutes a programming language include: Function and target Abstractions
List of programming languages The aim of this list of programming languages is to include all notable programming languages in existence, both those in current use and historical ones, in alphabetical order, except for dialects of BASIC and esoteric programming languages. Note: Dialects of BASIC have been moved to the separate List of BASIC dialects. Note: This page does not list esoteric programming languages. A[edit] B[edit] C[edit] D[edit] E[edit] F[edit] G[edit] H[edit] I[edit] J[edit] K[edit] L[edit] M[edit] N[edit] O[edit] P[edit] Q[edit] R[edit] S[edit] T[edit] U[edit] V[edit] W[edit] X[edit] Y[edit] Z[edit] See also[edit]
Computer programming Overview[edit] Within software engineering, programming (the implementation) is regarded as one phase in a software development process. There is an on-going debate on the extent to which the writing of programs is an art form, a craft, or an engineering discipline.[3] In general, good programming is considered to be the measured application of all three, with the goal of producing an efficient and evolvable software solution (the criteria for "efficient" and "evolvable" vary considerably). Another on-going debate is the extent to which the programming language used in writing computer programs affects the form that the final program takes. History[edit] Ada Lovelace created the first algorithm designed for processing by a computer and is usually recognized as history's first computer programmer. Ancient cultures had no conception of computing beyond simple arithmetic. Data and instructions were once stored on external punched cards, which were kept in order and arranged in program decks.
The History of C++ Programming Language - Authentic Society Notes on the difference between C an C++ You may hear from time to time that the C++ programming language is a superset of the C language. In C++, you can do almost everything you can do in C, with the exception of just a small number of things that may be considered specification details. Why was it named C++? Initially the C++ language was named "C with Classes" because you could still write C-like programs in C++ but you could also use what we call classes. On the other hand, the reason the C programming language is called C, is that it is a successor to the language called B. The History of C++ And so, with the help of the previous few paragraphs we can move on. In 1972, Ken Tompson and Dennis Ritchie created an improved version of the B language, and named it C. B got its start on a UNIX-operated system, by today's standards a prehistoric computer called DEC PDP-7. ANSI makes C a Standard The birth of C++ There had to be a solution.
Object-oriented programming Overview[edit] Rather than structure programs as code and data, an object-oriented system integrates the two using the concept of an "object". An object has state (data) and behavior (code). Objects correspond to things found in the real world. So for example, a graphics program will have objects such as circle, square, menu. An online shopping system will have objects such as shopping cart, customer, product. The goals of object-oriented programming are: Increased understanding.Ease of maintenance.Ease of evolution. The overall understanding of the system is increased because the semantic gap—the distance between the language spoken by developers and that spoken by users—is lessened. Object-orientation takes this to the next step. In addition to providing ease of maintenance, encapsulation and information hiding provide ease of evolution as well. History[edit] Fundamental features and concepts [edit] A survey by Deborah J. Benjamin C.
Introduction to QuickBasic PRACTICAL MATHEMATICS Microsoft QuickBasic is a modern form of BASIC which is easy to learn. Learning QuickBasic will help you to learn Visual Basic and other programming languages. A simplified version is QBasic. These notes give enough of QBasic for simple mathematical applications. Use the Help menu on the computer to learn more, or look at the following books: Halvorson, M., and Rygmyr, D., 1989, Learn Basic Now, Microsoft Press. Waite, M., Arnson, R., Gemmell, C., and Henderson, H., 1990, Microsoft Quickbasic Bible, Microsoft Press. Contents 1. 1. REM Distance from the Origin PRINT "Enter X and Y" INPUT X, Y LET Dist = SQR(X * X + Y * Y) PRINT Dist END 2. A program consists of lines of text. The lines in the program contain statements which tell the computer what to do. The keyword REM means "remark". 3. Numerical constants are written in the usual way, with or without a decimal point, and with or without a minus sign: 2.75E4 means 27500, 2.75E-3 means 0.00275. CONST HalfPi = 1.570796
Imperative programming The term is used in opposition to declarative programming, which expresses what the program should accomplish without prescribing how to do it in terms of sequences of actions to be taken. Functional and logic programming are examples of a more declarative approach. Imperative, procedural, and declarative programming[edit] Procedural programming could be considered a step towards declarative programming. Declarative programming is a non-imperative style of programming in which programs describe their desired results without explicitly listing commands or steps that must be performed. In logical programming languages, programs consist of logical statements, and the program executes by searching for proofs of the statements. Overview[edit] Block structure[edit] Early in the development of high level languages, the introduction of the block enabled the construction of programs in which a group of statements and declarations could be treated as if they were a single statement. History[edit]
The History of Programming Languages For 50 years, computer programmers have been writing code. New technologies continue to emerge, develop, and mature at a rapid pace. Now there are more than 2,500 documented programming languages! O'Reilly has produced a poster called History of Programming Languages (PDF: 701K), which plots over 50 programming languages on a multi-layered, color-coded timeline. How It Started We first saw the "History of Programming Languages" diagram, created by Éric Lévénez, while visiting our French office. About the O'Reilly Poster "Cool" is generally the first thing we heard from people who reviewed our poster. Getting Your Copy The poster is available online in PDF format (701k). Special Thanks Thanks to all who reviewed and commented on this poster along the way, including Éric Lévénez, Mark Brokering, Mark Stone, Daniel Steinberg, David Flanagan, Ian Darwin, Tim O'Reilly, Mike Hendrickson, Laurie Petrycki, Geoff Collyer, and Mark Brader.
Syntax (programming languages) In computer science, the syntax of a computer language is the set of rules that defines the combinations of symbols that are considered to be a correctly structured document or fragment in that language. This applies both to programming languages, where the document represents source code, and markup languages, where the document represents data. The syntax of a language defines its surface form.[1] Text-based computer languages are based on sequences of characters, while visual programming languages are based on the spatial layout and connections between symbols (which may be textual or graphical). Computer language syntax is generally distinguished into three levels: Words – the lexical level, determining how characters form tokens;Phrases – the grammar level, narrowly speaking, determining how tokens form phrases;Context – determining what objects or variables names refer to, if types are valid, etc. 'a' + 1 …as it adds a string and an integer. a + b More simply:
Introduction To QBasic - Pete's QBASIC / QuickBasic Site What is QuickBasic? The Short Version: QuickBasic is a programming language developed by Microsoft for use in the MS-DOS operating system. The Long Version:In 1985, Microsoft released the first version of QuickBasic, a faster and more feature-rich version of BASIC. What is QBASIC? QBASIC is a a stripped-down version of QuickBasic that Microsoft released in 1991, which was included for free with MS-DOS 5 and later versions. QBASIC is shareware. What is the difference between QBASIC and QuickBasic? While QBASIC is shareware, QuickBasic is commercial software. How can I get started programming in QBASIC? It's quite easy, actually! First, download QBASIC from right here (287KB). Next, head on over to the beginners' tutorials section and start reading the tutorials from the beginning. After you've had a bit of experience, I suggest downloading and trying some other peoples' QBASIC games, and reading more advanced tutorials to learn even more advanced techniques.
Logic programming Logic programming is a programming paradigm based on formal logic. Programs written in a logical programming language are sets of logical sentences, expressing facts and rules about some problem domain. Together with an inference algorithm, they form a program. Major logic programming languages include Prolog and Datalog. A form of logical sentences commonly found in logic programming, but not exclusively, is the Horn clause. An example is: p(X, Y) if q(X) and r(Y) Logical sentences can be understood purely declaratively. The programmer can use the declarative reading of logic programs to verify their correctness. History[edit] The use of mathematical logic to represent and execute computer programs is also a feature of the lambda calculus, developed by Alonzo Church in the 1930s. In 1997, the Association of Logic Programming bestowed to fifteen recognized researchers in logic programming the title Founders of Logic Programming to recognize them as pioneers in the field:[1] Prolog[edit]
HomePage - Kwiki History of Programming Languages Wiki Among our friends, authors, and editors, there is a high level of historical knowledge and personal experience of the events in the History of Programming Languages poster. We hope to inspire and capture your comments and discussion here in in this wiki. Just click the EDIT button below to post your comments on this page. Please note, however, that we aren't planning to update the poster. :OReilly Great Poster! I don't see how BASIC existed in splendid isolation excepAside from the name, Visual Basic and BASIC have very little in common. this the great Poster Thanks :Mohsen Basirat I'm somewhat distraught that Ruby isn't on the poster :Daniel Berger Ruby should be among these languages as well :Kent It's there. A somewhat lighter version: :Joao Fortran II begat a language called Tabol, Tabol begat FCS/EPS and FCS/EPS begat MicroFCS. It would make my life a little less meaningless :-) Agile Programming Languages