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Metcalfe's law

Metcalfe's law
Two telephones can make only one connection, five can make 10 connections, and twelve can make 66 connections. Metcalfe's law states that the value of a telecommunications network is proportional to the square of the number of connected users of the system (n2). First formulated in this form by George Gilder in 1993,[1] and attributed to Robert Metcalfe in regard to Ethernet, Metcalfe's law was originally presented, circa 1980, not in terms of users, but rather of "compatible communicating devices" (for example, fax machines, telephones, etc.)[2] Only more recently with the launch of the Internet did this law carry over to users and networks as its original intent was to describe Ethernet purchases and connections.[3] The law is also very much related to economics and business management, especially with competitive companies looking to merge with one another. Network effects[edit] Limitations[edit] Business practicalities[edit] Modified models[edit] See also[edit] References[edit]

Comparison of e-book readers An e-book reader is a portable electronic device that is designed primarily for the purpose of reading e-books and periodicals. E-book readers are similar in form to a tablet computer, and usually refer to readers that use electronic paper, which means better readability of their screens especially in bright sunlight, and longer battery life. When disconnected from the web, an e-book reader's battery will last from weeks to months. A tablet computer typically has a faster screen capable of higher refresh rates which makes them more suitable for interaction. Any device that can display text on a screen can act as an e-book reader, but without the advantages of the e-paper technology. Commercially available devices sold by maker or designer[edit] Notes: Library DRM compatible – Can be used to borrow e-books from public libraries, i.e. the EPUB and/or PDF formats with digital-rights-management (DRM) are supported." Electronic-paper displays[edit] Different kinds of screens[edit] Changes[edit]

Reed's law Reed's law is the assertion of David P. Reed that the utility of large networks, particularly social networks, can scale exponentially with the size of the network. The reason for this is that the number of possible sub-groups of network participants is 2N − N − 1, where N is the number of participants. the number of participants, N, orthe number of possible pair connections, N(N − 1)/2 (which follows Metcalfe's law). so that even if the utility of groups available to be joined is very small on a peer-group basis, eventually the network effect of potential group membership can dominate the overall economics of the system. Derivation[edit] Quote[edit] From David P. "[E]ven Metcalfe's law understates the value created by a group-forming network [GFN] as it grows. Criticism[edit] Other analysts of network value functions, including Andrew Odlyzko and Eric S. See also[edit] References[edit] External links[edit]

Better, Cheaper French Cuisine Thinking Networks II First presented to The Developing Group on 3 June 2006 (an earlier version, Thinking Networks I, was presented on on 5 June 2004) Thinking Networks II James Lawley Contents 1. a. 4. Note: There are three types of description in this paper: i. ii. iii. 1. I'll start with a tribute to Fritjof Capra who made an early and significant contribution to bringing the importance of networks to my attention when he asked: "Is there a common pattern of organization that can be identified in all living systems? The kinds of networks we shall be considering are complex adaptive or complex dynamic networks. However, none of this would be very interesting if it wasn't for the fact that inspite of their complexity, inspite of the adaptive and dynamic nature of these networks, recent research has shown them to have remarkably consistentpatterns of organisation. "We're accustomed to thinking in terms of centralized control, clear chains of command, the straightforward logic of cause and effect.

How to Edit PDF Files - Free Tools for Manipulating PDF Documents The PDF file format was originally created by Adobe in the early ’90s and it now the most popular format for exchanging all sorts of documents including presentations, CAD Drawings, invoices, government forms and other legal documents. There are several reasons why PDF file format is so popular. PDFs are generally more compact (smaller in size) than the source document and they preserve the original formatting. The content of a PDF file cannot be modified easily and you can prevent other users from printing or copying text from PDF documents. Also, you can open a PDF file on any computer or mobile device natively. While PDF Files are “read only” by default, there are workarounds that will let you modify any PDF document for free without requiring the source files or any of the commercial PDF editing tools like Adobe Acrobat. We are primarily focusing on tools that let you alter the actual contents of a PDF files. An Online PDF Editor for Basic Tasks Change Metadata of PDF Files

Triangular number The first six triangular numbers A triangular number or triangle number counts the objects that can form an equilateral triangle, as in the diagram on the right. The nth triangle number is the number of dots composing a triangle with n dots on a side, and is equal to the sum of the n natural numbers from 1 to n. The triangle numbers are given by the following explicit formulas: where is a binomial coefficient. The triangular number Tn solves the "handshake problem" of counting the number of handshakes if each person in a room with n + 1 people shakes hands once with each person. Triangle numbers are the additive analog of the factorials, which are the products of integers from 1 to n. The number of line segments between closest pairs of dots in the triangle can be represented in terms of the number of dots or with a recurrence relation: In the limit, the ratio between the two numbers, dots and line segments is Relations to other figurate numbers[edit] with and where T is a triangular number.

What's in a wine label? - Wine These days many enjoy buying wine with labels that feature animals: kangaroos, penguins, fish, lizards, and loons. These “critter labels” don’t just happen by accident — research shows that American wine consumers are 40 percent more likely to buy a wine with a cute animal on the label when compared to a straightforward label that gives the standard information: the name of the producer, the name of the grape, the name of the place where the vineyards are located, and the year in which the grapes were picked. But whether we choose our wines based on the cute factor or on the basic label facts, most wine labels give us minimal information; it’s up to the consumer to know about the vintage, the area where the grapes are grown, etc. Sometimes the back label of a wine is reserved for marketing the wine, and in the process of trying to hook the consumer with spinspiel, we learn a bit more about the origins of the wine and the philosophy of the producer. Let’s take a look. Filtration: None

Casual Observation from Fractal Network Growth Experiments This happens to be one of those rare instances where the benefit of hindsight does not make me regret something said flippantly on a panel. I deeply believe that in order to truly change the world we cannot simply "throw analytics at the problem." To that end, the medical and health industries are perhaps the most primed to be disrupted by data and analytics. It is incredibly exciting to be at an organization that is both working within the current framework of health care and data to create new insight for people, but also pushing the envelope with respect to individuals' relationships with their own health. I feel lucky to have an opportunity to move into the health data space now. Sensor data The past decade of development in "big data" has -- in large part -- been built on top of the need to understand web logs files. We have built technology and algorithms to understand the Web, and we have done a great job. Strength of team Here's to the next adventure!

SPIEGEL ONLINE - Nachrichten Visualization and evolution of the scientific structure of fuzzy sets research in Spain A.G. López-Herrera, M.J. Cobo, E. Herrera-Viedma, F. R. E. Introduction Fuzzy set theory, which was founded by Zadeh (1965), has emerged as a powerful way of representing quantitatively and manipulating the imprecision in problems. In Spain, the first paper on fuzzy set theory was published by Trillas and Riera (1978). According ISI Web of Science, from 1965 more than one hundred thousand papers on fuzzy set theory foundations and applications have been published in journals. In this paper, the first bibliometric study is presented analysing the research carried out by the Spanish fuzzy set community. The study reveals the main themes treated by the Spanish fuzzy set theory community from 1978 to 2008. they must be in the top ten of the most productive countries (according to data in the ISI Web of Science); just two countries for each geographical area (America, Europe and Asia) are considered; and their first paper on the topic had to be published before 1980 (inclusive). Methods

Bernard Bilis magie prestidigitation closeup one man show illusions Home | Andy Cohen Magic Moments www.yourcountryyourcall.com Vince Cable | Ministers Vince Cable was appointed Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills in May 2010. He is the Liberal Democrat MP for Twickenham. Education Vince was educated at Nunthorpe Grammar School, York and Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge, where he studied natural science and economics and was President of the Union. Political career He served in the Liberal Democrat Shadow Cabinet as Spokesman on Trade and Industry from 1999 to 2003, and Shadow Chancellor from 2003 to 2010. Career outside politics After graduating, Vince worked as Treasury Finance Officer for the Kenyan Government between 1966 and 1968. Personal life Vince is married and has 3 children by his late wife.

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