HTML HTML or HyperText Markup Language is the standard markup language used to create web pages. HTML is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of tags enclosed in angle brackets (like <html>). HTML tags most commonly come in pairs like <h1>and </h1>, although some tags represent empty elements and so are unpaired, for example <img>. The first tag in a pair is the start tag, and the second tag is the end tag (they are also called opening tags and closing tags). The purpose of a web browser is to read HTML documents and compose them into visible or audible web pages. Web browsers can also refer to Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) to define the look and layout of text and other material. History[edit] The historic logo made by the W3C Development[edit] In 1980, physicist Tim Berners-Lee, who was a contractor at CERN, proposed and prototyped ENQUIRE, a system for CERN researchers to use and share documents. Further development under the auspices of the IETF was stalled by competing interests.
An improved general E-unification method Bachmair, 1987 L. BachmairProof Methods for Equational Theories dissertation, U. of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign (1987) Bachmair et al., 1986 L. Proc. Bachmair et al., 1987 L. Proceedings of CREAS (1987) Dershowitz and Jounnaud, 1991 N. Handbook of Theoretical Computer Science, North-Holland, Amsterdam (1991), pp. 243-320 Dougherty and Johann, 1990 D. M.E. Fay, 1979 M. Proc. Fages and Huet, 1986 F. Theoretical Computer Science, 43 (1986), pp. 189-200 Gallier and Snyder, 1989 J.H. Theoretical Computer Science, 67 (1989), pp. 203-260 Goguen and Meseguer, 1981 J.A. ACM SIG-PLAN Notices (1981) Goguen and Meseguer, 1985 Houston Journal of Mathematics (1985), pp. 307-334 Herbrand, 1971 J. W. Hullot, 1980 J. Proc. Kirchner, 1984 C. Proc. Kirchner, 1985 C. Thèse d'Etat, Université de Nancy I (1985) Kirchner, 1986 C. Proc. Lankford, 1975 D. Tech. Martelli and Montanari, 1982 A. ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems, 4 (1982), pp. 258-282 Martelli et al., 1986 A. Proc. Plotkin, 1972 G. B. Robinson and Wos, 1969
Category:Image processing Image processing is the application of signal processing techniques to the domain of images — two-dimensional signals such as photographs or video. Image processing does typically involve filtering an image using various types of filters. Related categories: computer vision and imaging. Subcategories This category has the following 13 subcategories, out of 13 total. Pages in category "Image processing" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of 213 total. (previous 200) (next 200)(previous 200) (next 200) Algorithm Flow chart of an algorithm (Euclid's algorithm) for calculating the greatest common divisor (g.c.d.) of two numbers a and b in locations named A and B. The algorithm proceeds by successive subtractions in two loops: IF the test B ≥ A yields "yes" (or true) (more accurately the numberb in location B is greater than or equal to the numbera in location A) THEN, the algorithm specifies B ← B − A (meaning the number b − a replaces the old b). Similarly, IF A > B, THEN A ← A − B. The process terminates when (the contents of) B is 0, yielding the g.c.d. in A. In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm ( i/ˈælɡərɪðəm/ AL-gə-ri-dhəm) is a step-by-step procedure for calculations. Informal definition[edit] While there is no generally accepted formal definition of "algorithm," an informal definition could be "a set of rules that precisely defines a sequence of operations Boolos & Jeffrey (1974, 1999) offer an informal meaning of the word in the following quotation: Formalization[edit]
Data (computing) In an alternate usage, binary files (which are not human-readable) are sometimes called "data" as distinguished from human-readable "text".[4] The total amount of digital data in 2007 was estimated to be 281 billion gigabytes (= 281 exabytes).[5][6] At its heart, a single datum is a value stored at a specific location. To store data bytes in a file, they have to be serialized in a "file format". Typically, programs are stored in special file types, different from those used for other data. Keys in data provide the context for values. Computer main memory or RAM is arranged as an array of "sets of electronic on/off switches" or locations beginning at 0. Data has some inherent features when it is sorted on a key. Retrieving a small subset of data from a much larger set implies searching though the data sequentially. The advent of databases introduced a further layer of abstraction for persistent data storage.
E-unification Previous: Equational term rewrite systems Next: Quasi-identity logic Up: Supplementary Text Topics Just as unification plays a crucial role in the study of term rewrite systems (see Chapter III of LMCS), one has E-unification for work with ETRS's. Indeed the equational theorem prover EQP that William McCune used to verify the Robbin's Conjecture (discussed at the end of Chapter III of LMCS) uses AC-unification. In the following E will denote a set of equations. PROOF.\ (Exercise.) One can no longer assume that an E-unifiable pair has a most general E-unifier -- this depends on the choice of E. There is an E-unifier µ of s and t which is more general than any E-unifier of s and t. This leads to the following unification types: Using this we can give the unification types for sets of equations E: E is if every E-unifiable s,t is unitary E is if every E-unifiable s,t is unitary or finitary, and some E-unifiable s,t is finitary. Given a term s in (which is actually a coset of terms). PROOF. .
Technological singularity The technological singularity is the hypothesis that accelerating progress in technologies will cause a runaway effect wherein artificial intelligence will exceed human intellectual capacity and control, thus radically changing civilization in an event called the singularity.[1] Because the capabilities of such an intelligence may be impossible for a human to comprehend, the technological singularity is an occurrence beyond which events may become unpredictable, unfavorable, or even unfathomable.[2] The first use of the term "singularity" in this context was by mathematician John von Neumann. Proponents of the singularity typically postulate an "intelligence explosion",[5][6] where superintelligences design successive generations of increasingly powerful minds, that might occur very quickly and might not stop until the agent's cognitive abilities greatly surpass that of any human. Basic concepts Superintelligence Non-AI singularity Intelligence explosion Exponential growth Plausibility
New Algorithms Force Scientists to Revise the Tree of Life When the British morphologist St. George Jackson Mivart published one of the first evolutionary trees in 1865, he had very little to go on. He built the tree — a delicately branching map of different primate species — using detailed analysis of the animals’ spinal columns. But a second tree, generated by comparing the animals’ limbs, predicted different relationships among the primates, highlighting a challenge in evolutionary biology that continues to this day. Now, nearly 150 years later, scientists have vast amounts of data with which to build so-called phylogenetic trees, the modern version of Mivart’s structure. But while the abundance of data has helped resolve some of the conflict surrounding parts of the evolutionary tree, it also presents new challenges. According to a new study partly focused on yeast, the conflicting picture from individual genes is even broader than scientists suspected. Building Blocks Researchers once used just one gene or a handful to compare organisms.
AirPort Time Capsule Introduced on January 15, 2008 and released on February 29, 2008, the device has been upgraded several times, matching upgrades in the Extreme series routers. The earliest versions supported 802.11n wireless and came with a 500 GB hard drive in the base model, while the latest model as of 2014[update] features 802.11ac and a 2 TB hard drive. All models include three Ethernet ports and a single USB port. The USB port can be used for external peripheral devices to be shared over the network, such as external hard drives or printers. The NAS functionality utilizes a built-in "server grade" hard drive. §History[edit] The AirPort Time Capsule was introduced at Macworld Conference & Expo on January 15, 2008 and released on February 29, 2008, with pricing announced at US$299 (£199) for the 500 GB version and US$499 (£329) for the 1 TB version. In early 2009, Apple released the second generation Time Capsule. The third generation Time Capsule was released in October 2009. §Features[edit] AirPlay
Genetic programming In artificial intelligence, genetic programming (GP) is a technique whereby computer programs are encoded as a set of genes that are then modified (evolved) using an evolutionary algorithm (often a genetic algorithm - "GA"). The result is a computer program able to perform well in a predefined task. Often confused to be a kind of genetic algorithm, GP can indeed be seen as an application of genetic algorithms to problems where each individual is a computer program. History[edit] In 1954, pioneering work on what is today known as artificial life was carried out by Nils Aall Barricelli using the very early computers.[1] In the 1960s and early 1970s, evolutionary algorithms became widely recognized as optimization methods. In 1964, Lawrence J. In the 1990s, GP was mainly used to solve relatively simple problems because it is very computationally intensive. Developing a theory for GP has been very difficult and so in the 1990s GP was considered a sort of outcast among search techniques.
Google American multinational technology company Google was founded on September 4, 1998, by American computer scientists Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were PhD students at Stanford University in California. Together they own about 14% of its publicly listed shares and control 56% of its stockholder voting power through super-voting stock. The company went public via an initial public offering (IPO) in 2004. In 2015, Google was reorganized as a wholly owned subsidiary of Alphabet Inc. Google's other ventures outside of Internet services and consumer electronics include quantum computing (Sycamore), self-driving cars (Waymo, formerly the Google Self-Driving Car Project), smart cities (Sidewalk Labs), and transformer models (Google Deepmind).[17] Google and YouTube are the two most visited websites worldwide followed by Facebook and X (formerly known as Twitter). History Early years Growth Initial public offering By 2011, Google was handling approximately 3 billion searches per day. Software
Computational Complexity | Tree of Life : Exhibits : Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History Reconstructing the Tree of Life One key issue in reconstructing the Tree of Life is the development of algorithms and computational infrastructure to allow scientists around the world to apply the same methods. A common approach is to identify the simplest hypothesis of relationships that explains as much different evidence as possible. But finding the simplest or the most likely hypothesis can be very challenging. For example, for 3 species there are just 3 possible phylogenetic trees, and for 5 species there are 105. No computer, no matter how powerful, can examine every possible tree for even a moderate number of species. One method quickly builds a starting tree and then rapidly swaps branches around to find better trees. Another strategy breaks large problems down into smaller ones, solves these, and then puts them back together again. Much remains to be done to improve the performance of phylogenetic methods.
Tag (metadata) Keyword assigned to information Overview[edit] History[edit] The use of keywords as part of an identification and classification system long predates computers. Online databases and early websites deployed keyword tags as a way for publishers to help users find content. Examples[edit] Within a blog[edit] Within application software[edit] Assigned to computer files[edit] There are various systems for applying tags to the files in a computer's file system. For an event[edit] In research[edit] Special types[edit] Triple tags[edit] Hashtags[edit] Knowledge tags[edit] Advantages and disadvantages[edit] Complex system dynamics[edit] Spamming[edit] Syntax[edit] See also[edit] Notes[edit] References[edit]