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John Rawls - Philosopher

John Rawls - Philosopher
John Bordley Rawls (/rɔːlz/;[1] February 21, 1921 – November 24, 2002) was an American philosopher and a leading figure in moral and political philosophy. He held the James Bryant Conant University Professorship at Harvard University and the Fulbright Fellowship at Christ Church, Oxford. Rawls received both the Schock Prize for Logic and Philosophy and the National Humanities Medal in 1999, the latter presented by President Bill Clinton, in recognition of how Rawls' work "helped a whole generation of learned Americans revive their faith in democracy itself."[2] Biography[edit] Early life[edit] John Rawls was born in Baltimore, Maryland to William Lee Rawls, "one of the most prominent attorneys in Baltimore,"[3] and Anna Abell Stump Rawls.[6] The second of five sons, tragedy struck Rawls at a young age. Rawls attended school in Baltimore for a short time before transferring to Kent School, an Episcopalian preparatory school in Connecticut. Career[edit] Later life[edit]

Veil of ignorance The veil of ignorance, along with the original position, is a concept that has been in use by other names for centuries by philosophers such as John Stuart Mill, John Rawls, and Immanuel Kant whose work discussed the concept of the social contract. John Harsanyi helped to formalize the concept in economics.[1][2] The modern usage was developed by John Rawls in A Theory of Justice.[3][4] It is a method of determining the morality of a certain issue (e.g., slavery) based upon the following thought experiment: parties to the original position know nothing about their particular abilities, tastes, and position within the social order of society. The veil of ignorance blocks off this knowledge, such that one does not know what burdens and benefits of social cooperation might fall to him/her once the veil is lifted. With this knowledge blocked, parties to the original position must decide on principles for the distribution of rights, positions and resources in their society. Examples[edit]

Alasdair MacIntyre Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. Alasdair MacIntyre Alasdair MacIntyre en 2009 Alasdair Chalmers MacIntyre, né le à Glasgow, est un philosophe écossais qui s'est rendu célèbre pour ses contributions à la philosophie morale et politique. Il est également réputé pour son travail en histoire de la philosophie et en théologie. Biographie[modifier | modifier le code] Il a étudié à l'université Queen Mary de Londres, puis à l'université de Manchester, et est à présent enseignant-chercheur à l'université Notre-Dame, dans l'Indiana, aux États-Unis. Œuvre[modifier | modifier le code] Son œuvre rencontre un public nombreux, qui dépasse largement le cadre universitaire [réf. nécessaire]. MacIntyre cherche plus à comprendre les décisions prises qu'à trouver une règle absolue permettant de choisir l'attitude à adopter dans un éventuel cas semblable. Bibliographie[modifier | modifier le code] Ouvrages écrits par Alasdair MacIntyre[modifier | modifier le code] Marxism: An Interpretation.

Émile Durkheim David Émile Durkheim (French: [emil dyʁkɛm] or [dyʁkajm];[1] April 15, 1858 – November 15, 1917) was a French sociologist, social psychologist and philosopher. He formally established the academic discipline and, with Karl Marx and Max Weber, is commonly cited as the principal architect of modern social science and father of sociology.[2][3] Durkheim was also deeply preoccupied with the acceptance of sociology as a legitimate science. He refined the positivism originally set forth by Auguste Comte, promoting what could be considered as a form of epistemological realism, as well as the use of the hypothetico-deductive model in social science. Biography[edit] Childhood and education[edit] There was no way that a man of Durkheim's views could receive a major academic appointment in Paris. Academic career[edit] A collection of Durkheim's courses on the origins of socialism (1896), edited and published by his nephew, Marcel Mauss, in 1928. Also in 1887, Durkheim married Louise Dreyfus.

토마스 홉스 토마스 홉스 생애 해설 1) 유년 시절 토마스 홉스는 1588년 4월 5일, 영국 서남부 윌트셔(Wiltshire) 주 맘스베리(Malmesbury) 외곽에 위치한 작은 마을 웨스트포트(Westport)에서 태어났다. 당시 그 지방 전역에 스페인 무적함대(Armada)가 침공한다는 소문이 퍼져 주민들이 공포에 휩싸이게 되자, 마을의 목사인 토마스 홉스의 부인도 놀란 나머지 임신 7개월 만에 조산을 하게 되었다는 유명한 일화가 남아 있다. 조산아로서의 홉스의 탄생과 무적함대의 침공소문 사이에 어떠한 인과관계가 있었는지 우리로서는 확인할 길이 없지만, 이로부터 수십 년 후에 사람은 적이 언제 공격해 올 것을 알지 못할 때 항상 적에 대비하여 경계할 수밖에 없다는 철학자 홉스의 통찰을 참작해 볼 때 그의 어머니가 그를 임신하고 있었을 때 극도의 긴장과 경계 속에 있었음은 확실하다고 하겠다. 그 역시 이름이 토마스 홉스인 홉스의 부친은 영국 교회의 목사였으나 별로 모범적인 목사는 아니었다. 그러나 홉스에게 불행 중 다행이었던 것은 장갑 장사로 돈을 많이 번 촌 프란시스 홉스의 덕분으로 4살 때부터 교육을 받을 수 있게 된 것이었다. 카벤디쉬 가문과 함께 옥스퍼드에서 홉스는 근면한 학생 축에 들지 못하였던 것 같다. 홉스가 옥스퍼드를 졸업한 것은 1608년 2월이다. 홉스의 카벤디쉬 가문과의 인연은 그러나 그의 개인적인 생계 수단의 차원을 넘어서 그에게 17세기 정치와 과학과 철학이 서로 상면하는 장에 들어설 수 있는 행운의 기회를 제공하기도 한다. 뉴캐슬 공작은 영국의 정치 무대에서 중요한 인물이 되었을 뿐만 아니라 영국과 프랑스 과학자들의 서클을 지원하는 강력한 후원자이기도 하였다. 당시 영국 신사 교육에 있어서 유럽 대륙 순방은 필수 과정이었던 만큼, 홉스는 1610년 그의 제자 윌리엄을 데리고 유럽 여행을 떠난다. 1615년 영국에 돌아 온 후 홉스는 상당한 시간을 할애하여 로맨스[운문 소설]과 희곡을 읽었다. 2) 망명 시기 3) 귀국과 노년 4) 말년의 홉스 생애 연보

'Karma' Endless knot Nepalese temple prayer wheel Karma symbols such as endless knot (above) are common cultural motifs in Asia. Karma (Sanskrit: कर्म; IPA: [ˈkərmə]; Pali: kamma) means action, work or deed;[1] it also refers to the spiritual principle of cause and effect where intent and actions of an individual (cause) influence the future of that individual (effect).[2] Good intent and good deed contribute to good karma and future happiness, while bad intent and bad deed contribute to bad karma and future suffering.[3][4] Karma is closely associated with the idea of rebirth in some schools of Asian religions.[5] In these schools, karma in the present affects one's future in the current life, as well as the nature and quality of future lives - or, one's saṃsāra.[6] With origins in ancient India, it is a key concept in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism,[7] and Taoism.[8] Etymology Karma is related to verbal proto-Indo-European root *kwer- "to make, form".[13] Definition and meanings History Taoism

Absolu (philosophie) Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. Pour les articles homonymes, voir Absolu. En philosophie est absolu ce qui existe par soi-même, sans dépendance (comme en grammaire "absolu" signifie "sans complément"). Ce qui est absolu n'a besoin d'aucune condition et d'aucune relation pour être. L'étymologie peut aider. L'histoire de la notion peut aussi aider. La typologie encore peut aider. Comme exemples d'absolus, les philosophes citent fréquemment Dieu, le devoir, la substance. Pour Aristote, la substance est le substrat des autres catégories qui sont ses attributs (quantité, qualité...). Descartes utilise la notion d'absolu en méthode. Thomas Hobbes envisage un souverain détenteur d'un pouvoir absolu, mais pas arbitraire. Pour Kant, le devoir est un absolu. Pour Platon[6], le Bien est le terme où s'arrête la pensée. Hegel défend l'idéalisme absolu et croit en une "Idée absolue" (l'Esprit, Dieu), qui est processus, mouvement dialectique, et ensemble des relations.

Thomas Pogge Thomas Pogge (2014) Thomas Winfried Menko Pogge (born 1953) is a German philosopher and is the Director of the Global Justice Program and Leitner Professor of Philosophy and International Affairs at Yale University. In addition to his Yale appointment, he is the Research Director of the Centre for the Study of the Mind in Nature at the University of Oslo, a Professorial Research Fellow at the Centre for Applied Philosophy and Public Ethics at Charles Sturt University and Professor of Political Philosophy at the University of Central Lancashire's Centre for Professional Ethics. Pogge is also an editor for social and political philosophy for the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy[1] and a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters.[2][3] Pogge received his Ph.D. from Harvard University with a dissertation supervised by John Rawls. Major works[edit] The Health Impact Fund: Making New Medicines Accessible for All (2008)[edit] World Poverty and Human Rights (2002, 2008)[edit]

데이비드 흄 영국의 철학자. 그의 인식론(認識論)은, J.로크에서 비롯된 '내재적 인식비판'의 입장과 I.뉴턴 자연학의 실험·관찰의 방법을 응용했다. 인간본성 및 그 근본법칙과 그것에 의존하는 여러 학문의 근거를 해명하는 일이었다. 홉스의 계약설을 비판하고 공리주의를 지향한다. 데이비드 흄앨런 램지의 작품 1711년 4월 26일 스코틀랜드 에든버러에서 출생하였다. 그의 인식론(認識論)의 의도는, J.로크에서 비롯된 내재적 인식비판(內在的認識批判)의 입장과 I.뉴턴 자연학의 실험·관찰의 방법을 응용해서, 인간의 본성 및 그 근본법칙과 그것에 의존하는 여러 학문의 근거를 해명하는 일이었다. 이 관계는 접근과 계기(繼起)의 관계에 더하여, ‘원인’에서 ‘결과’로의 ‘이행(移行)’을 포함하는데, 이것은 ‘습관’에 의해 확립되며, ‘신념’에 뿌리박힌 것으로 객관적 필연성은 없다. 흄은 도덕의 밑바닥에 ‘공감(sympathy)’을 두고, 그것으로 인해서 사람은 상호간에 주고받는 쾌락과 고통의 감정과, 상호간의 덕성(德性)을 판정하는 시인(是認) 및 비난의 감정을 얻는다고 생각한다. 두산백과의 저작권은 doopedia(두산백과)에 있습니다.저작권법의 보호를 받는 저작물로 무단 전재 및 복제를 금하고 있습니다. Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche Friedrich Nietzsche developed his philosophy during the late 19th century. He owed the awakening of his philosophical interest to reading Arthur Schopenhauer's Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung (The World as Will and Representation, 1819, revised 1844) and admitted that Schopenhauer was one of the few thinkers that he respected, dedicating to him his essay Schopenhauer als Erzieher (Schopenhauer as Educator), published in 1874 as one of his Untimely Meditations. Common themes in his thought can, however, be identified and discussed. His earliest work emphasized the opposition of Apollonian and Dionysian impulses in art, and the figure of Dionysus continued to play a role in his subsequent thought. Other major currents include the will to power, the claim that God is dead, the distinction between master and slave moralities, and radical perspectivism. Nihilism and God is dead[edit] Nietzsche saw nihilism as the outcome of repeated frustrations in the search for meaning. Übermensch[edit]

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