Mark Granovetter
Mark Granovetter (born October 20, 1943) is an American sociologist and professor at Stanford University[1] who has created theories in modern sociology since the 1970s. He is best known for his work in social network theory and in economic sociology, particularly his theory on the spread of information in social networks known as "The Strength of Weak Ties" (1973).[2] Background[edit] Granovetter earned an A.B. in History at Princeton University (1965) and a Ph.D in Sociology at Harvard University (1970). At Harvard he studied under the supervision of Harrison White. Major ideas[edit] The strength of weak ties[edit] Granovetter's paper "The Strength of Weak Ties" is a highly influential sociology paper, with over 27,000 citations according to Google Scholar (by April 2014). Economic sociology: Embeddedness[edit] "Tipping points" / threshold models[edit] Granovetter has done research on a model of how fads are created. Security influence[edit] Bibliography (selected)[edit] See also[edit]
Interpersonal ties
In mathematical sociology, interpersonal ties are defined as information-carrying connections between people. Interpersonal ties, generally, come in three varieties: strong, weak, or absent. Weak social ties, it is argued, are responsible for the majority of the embeddedness and structure of social networks in society as well as the transmission of information through these networks. Specifically, more novel information flows to individuals through weak rather than strong ties. Because our close friends tend to move in the same circles that we do, the information they receive overlaps considerably with what we already know. Acquaintances, by contrast, know people that we do not, and thus receive more novel information.[1] History[edit] In 1954, the Russian mathematical psychologist Anatol Rapoport commented on the "well-known fact that the likely contacts of two individuals who are closely acquainted tend to be more overlapping than those of two arbitrarily selected individuals."
Le Marché autrement. Essais de Mark Granovetter
Voici un ouvrage comme on en aimerait plus souvent : Le Marché autrement est un recueil des principaux articles en version française d'une figure marquante des sciences sociales, Mark Granovetter. Naturellement, le lecteur y retrouvera l'article sur la force des liens faibles (« The strength of weak ties ») paru en 1973. Pour mémoire, M. Granovetter y exposait les résultats d'une enquête effectuée auprès de cadres et de techniciens qui montrait que c'est par l'intermédiaire de « liens faibles » (anciens collègues, camarades de classe...) que ceux-ci avaient le plus souvent retrouvé un emploi et non, comme on pouvait le penser, en sollicitant des liens forts (amis, parents...). Publiés entre 1978 et 1990, les quatre autres articles permettent de mesurer l'apport de M. Granovetter à l'analyse des réseaux sociaux tout en éclairant la position originale qu'il occupe dans ce vaste ensemble hétéroclite qu'est la sociologie économique. Sur la question de l'encastrement elle-même, M.
Embeddedness
In economics and economic sociology, embeddedness refers to the degree to which economic activity is constrained by non-economic institutions. The term was created by economic historian Karl Polanyi as part of his Substantivist approach. Polanyi argued that in non-market societies there are no pure economic institutions to which formal economic models can be applied. In these cases economic activities such as "provisioning" are "embedded" in non-economic kinship, religious and political institutions. In market societies, in contrast, economic activities have been rationalized, and economic action is "disembedded" from society and able to follow its own distinctive logic, captured in economic modeling. Karl Polanyi and Substantivist economics[edit] This difference in types of economy is explained by the 'embeddedness' of economic (i.e. provisioning) activities in other social institutions such as kinship in non-market economies. Mark Granovetter[edit] See also[edit] References[edit]
Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft
Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. Fraunhofer-Institut Schmallenberg La Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft est un organisme allemand spécialisé dans la recherche en sciences appliquées. Son nom vient du physicien Joseph von Fraunhofer. Il regroupe 57 instituts répartis sur 40 sites à travers l'Allemagne, chacun spécialisé dans un domaine de recherche particulier et emploie 22 000 personnes en 2012[1] ce qui en fait l'un des principaux organismes de recherche au niveau international. Son financement est assuré en partie par l'État (le gouvernement fédéral ainsi que les Länder « possèdent » l'organisme), mais les deux tiers du budget proviennent de contrats de recherches passés avec des industriels. Le nom officiel est Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Les instituts[modifier | modifier le code] Notes et références[modifier | modifier le code] Liens externes[modifier | modifier le code] Portail des sciences