Programming language

Programming paradigm A programming paradigm is a fundamental style of computer programming, a way of building the structure and elements of computer programs. Capablities and styles of various programming languages are defined by their supported programming paradigms; some programming languages are designed to follow only one paradigm, while others support multiple paradigms. There are six main programming paradigms: imperative, declarative, functional, object-oriented, logic and symbolic programming.[1][2][3] Overview[edit] Overview of the various programming paradigms[4]:5 In object-oriented programming, programmers can think of a program as a collection of interacting objects, while in functional programming a program can be thought of as a sequence of stateless function evaluations. Programming paradigms can also be compared with programming models which are abstractions of computer systems. History[edit] Machine code[edit] Procedural languages[edit] All these languages follow the procedural paradigm.

TIOBE Software: Tiobe Index TIOBE Index for January 2016 January Headline: Java is TIOBE's Programming Language of 2015! Java has won the TIOBE Index programming language award of the year. Java's rise goes hand in hand with Objective-C's decline (-5.88%). So what is the outlook for 2016? The TIOBE Programming Community index is an indicator of the popularity of programming languages. The index can be used to check whether your programming skills are still up to date or to make a strategic decision about what programming language should be adopted when starting to build a new software system. TIOBE Programming Community IndexSource: www.tiobe.com Java Python Visual Basic .NET JavaScript Assembly language Ruby Other programming languages The complete top 50 of programming languages is listed below. The Next 50 Programming Languages The following list of languages denotes #51 to #100. This Month's Changes in the Index This month the following changes have been made to the definition of the index: Very Long Term History

Hypothesis Sequence For example, (M, A, R, Y) is a sequence of letters with the letter 'M' first and 'Y' last. This sequence differs from (A, R, M, Y). Also, the sequence (1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8), which contains the number 1 at two different positions, is a valid sequence. An infinite sequence of real numbers (in blue). Examples and notation[edit] There are a number of ways to denote a sequence, some of which are more useful for specific types of sequences. Important examples[edit] A tiling with squares whose sides are successive Fibonacci numbers in length. There are many important integer sequences. The Fibonacci numbers are the integer sequence whose elements are the sum of the previous two elements. Other interesting sequences include the ban numbers, whose spellings do not contain a certain letter of the alphabet. For a list of important examples of integers sequences see On-line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. Indexing[edit] Indexing notation is used to refer to a sequence in the abstract. Definition[edit]

Computer programming Overview[edit] Within software engineering, programming (the implementation) is regarded as one phase in a software development process. There is an on-going debate on the extent to which the writing of programs is an art form, a craft, or an engineering discipline.[3] In general, good programming is considered to be the measured application of all three, with the goal of producing an efficient and evolvable software solution (the criteria for "efficient" and "evolvable" vary considerably). The discipline differs from many other technical professions in that programmers, in general, do not need to be licensed or pass any standardized (or governmentally regulated) certification tests in order to call themselves "programmers" or even "software engineers." Because the discipline covers many areas, which may or may not include critical applications, it is debatable whether licensing is required for the profession as a whole. History[edit] Some of the earliest computer programmers were women.

Google programming languages failing to gain traction | Application Development Oracle, Microsoft, and Apple all have a programming language ranked prominently in an industry index that monitors language use, but Google's efforts have yet to yield results, according to an official with Tiobe, which publishes the monthly Tiobe Programming Community Index. In the March index, released over the weekend, Google saw its Go language drop out of the top 50 while Google's Dart language was ranked 78th. Oracle's Java language ranked first, used by 17.1 percent of developers, while Microsoft's C# came in at the third spot, used by 8.24 percent of developers. The Microsoft Visual Basic language was ranked 7th, used by 4.37 percent of developers. [ See Oracle's two-year road map for Java, as well as an interview about Google Dart. | Subscribe to InfoWorld's Developer World newsletter for more news about software development. ] Google, said Paul Jansen, Tiobe managing director, "tried very hard the last couple of years to get its own programming languages in the market.

Research Question Computer programming Process to create executable computer programs Code-breaking algorithms have also existed for centuries. In the 9th century, the Arab mathematician Al-Kindi described a cryptographic algorithm for deciphering encrypted code, in A Manuscript on Deciphering Cryptographic Messages. The first computer program is generally dated to 1843 when mathematician Ada Lovelace published an algorithm to calculate a sequence of Bernoulli numbers, intended to be carried out by Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine.[8] However, Charles Babbage himself had written a program for the AE in 1837.[9][10] In the 1880s, Herman Hollerith invented the concept of storing data in machine-readable form.[11] Later a control panel (plug board) added to his 1906 Type I Tabulator allowed it to be programmed for different jobs, and by the late 1940s, unit record equipment such as the IBM 602 and IBM 604, were programmed by control panels in a similar way, as were the first electronic computers. Quality requirements [edit]

Object-oriented programming Overview[edit] Rather than structure programs as code and data, an object-oriented system integrates the two using the concept of an "object". An object has state (data) and behavior (code). Objects correspond to things found in the real world. The goals of object-oriented programming are: Increased understanding.Ease of maintenance.Ease of evolution. The overall understanding of the system is increased because the semantic gap—the distance between the language spoken by developers and that spoken by users—is lessened. Object-orientation takes this to the next step. In addition to providing ease of maintenance, encapsulation and information hiding provide ease of evolution as well. An object-oriented program usually contains different types of objects, each corresponding to a real-world object or concept such as a bank account, a hockey player, or a bulldozer. History[edit] Fundamental features and concepts [edit] A survey by Deborah J. Benjamin C.