Calque In linguistics, a calque (/ˈkælk/) or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, word-for-word (Latin: verbum pro verbo) or root-for-root translation. Used as a verb, "to calque" means to borrow a word or phrase from another language while translating its components so as to create a new lexeme in the target language. "Calque" is a loanword from a French noun, and derives from the verb "calquer" ("to trace", "to copy").[1] "Loanword" is a calque of the German "Lehnwort", just as "loan translation" is of "Lehnübersetzung".[2] Proving that a word is a calque sometimes requires more documentation than does an untranslated loanword, since in some cases a similar phrase might have arisen in both languages independently. Examples[edit] "Flea market"[edit] "Skyscraper"[edit] "Translation"[edit] European languages of the Romance, Germanic and Slavic branches have calqued their terms for the concept of translation on these Latin models.[5] See also[edit] Notes[edit]
Locutio: citations latines, expressions, locutions, aide au latin, traduction, theme, version Bouba/kiki effect This picture is used as a test to demonstrate that people may not attach sounds to shapes arbitrarily: American college undergraduates and Tamil speakers in India called the shape on the left "kiki" and the one on the right "bouba". The bouba/kiki effect is a non-arbitrary mapping between speech sounds and the visual shape of objects. This effect was first observed by German-American psychologist Wolfgang Köhler in 1929.[1] In psychological experiments, first conducted on the island of Tenerife (in which the primary language is Spanish), Köhler showed forms similar to those shown at the right and asked participants which shape was called "takete" and which was called "baluba" ("maluma" in the 1947 version). Although not explicitly stated, Köhler implies that there was a strong preference to pair the jagged shape with "takete" and the rounded shape with "baluba".[2] In 2001, Vilayanur S. More recently research indicated that the effect may be a case of ideasthesia.[5]
GRATUM STUDIUM ... le site pour apprendre ou réviser son latin ou son français !!! Online Etymology Dictionary magic (adj.) late 14c., from Old French magique, from Latin magicus "magic, magical," from Greek magikos, from magike (see magic (n.)). Magic carpet first attested 1816. Magic Marker (1951) is a registered trademark (U.S.) by Speedry Products, Inc., Richmond Hill, N.Y. Magic lantern "optical instrument whereby a magnified image is thrown upon a wall or screen" is 1690s, from Modern Latin laterna magica. magic (v.) 1906, from magic (n.). magic (n.) late 14c., "art of influencing events and producing marvels using hidden natural forces," from Old French magique "magic, magical," from Late Latin magice "sorcery, magic," from Greek magike (presumably with tekhne "art"), fem. of magikos "magical," from magos "one of the members of the learned and priestly class," from Old Persian magush, possibly from PIE *magh- (1) "to be able, to have power" (see machine). magical (adj.) 1550s, from magic (n.) + -al (1). magician (n.) wizard (n.) charm (n.) Sense of "pleasing quality" evolved 17c. fairy (n.) Thoth
Chuang Tzu's Chaos Linguistics [The Seven by Nine Squares home page] by Peter Lamborn Wilson Contents Note Suggested method for reading the text: extensive quotations from "Chuang Tzu" (translations by A.C. The bait is the means to get the fish where you want it, catch the fish and you forget the bait. Does Taoism possess a "metaphysics"? Certainly later Taoism, influenced by Buddhism and Neo-Confucianism, developed elaborate cosmology, ontology, theology, teleology, and eschatology - but can these "medieval accretions" be read back into the classic texts, the Tao Te Ching, the Chuang Tzu, or the Lieh Tzu? Well, yes and no. Supernaturalism and materialism both appear equally funny to him. The Chuang Tzu must surely be unique amongst all religious scripture [3] for its remarkable anti-metaphysics. The universe comes into being spontaneously; as Kuo Hsiang points out [4], the search for a "lord" (or agens) of this creation is an exercise in infinite regress toward emptiness. But first let me define a few terms. Kuo Hsiang
Palindrome Semiotics A Chronotope of Revolution: The Palindrome from the Perspective of Cultural Semiotics By Erika Greber (Univ. of Munich / UC Irvine) In the following abstract, I propose to analyze the palindrome in terms of cultural semiotics and to explore the subliminal semantic concepts and metaphorological implications which are involved in the genre's postmodern renaissance and which articulate certain political anxieties (something which applies especially to the recent rise of palindrome writing and criticism in Russian, German and Serbo-Croatian literatures). (2) The palindrome, a special, restricted case of anagram, foregrounds the principle of letter permutation by its strictly sequential proceeding and thus has become the prototype and symbol of anagrammatic letter revolution (in Greek: anagrammatismos, in Latin: revolutio). The idea of the palindrome is closely associated with the material and corporeal aspect of verbal signification. Semyon Kirsanov (1966) Aleksandr Bubnov (1992) transl.
Four Things That Happen When a Language Dies Languages around the world are dying, and dying fast. Today is International Mother Language Day, started by UNESCO to promote the world's linguistic diversity. The grimmest predictions have 90 percent of the world's languages dying out by the end of this century. Although this might not seem important in the day-to-day life of an English speaker with no personal ties to the culture in which they’re spoken, language loss matters. 1. That’s what academic David Crystal told Paroma Basu for National Geographic in 2009. The effects of that language loss could be “culturally devastating,” Basu wrote. Languages have naturally risen and fallen in prominence throughout history, she wrote. 2. The official language of Greenland, wrote Kate Yoder for Grist, is fascinating and unique. Yoder’s article dealt with the effect of climate change on language loss. 3. “Medical science loses potential cures,” she writes. 4. What can you do about all this?
HOW DOES OUR LANGUAGE SHAPE THE WAY WE THINK? Humans communicate with one another using a dazzling array of languages, each differing from the next in innumerable ways. Do the languages we speak shape the way we see the world, the way we think, and the way we live our lives? Do people who speak different languages think differently simply because they speak different languages? These questions touch on nearly all of the major controversies in the study of mind. I often start my undergraduate lectures by asking students the following question: which cognitive faculty would you most hate to lose? Most questions of whether and how language shapes thought start with the simple observation that languages differ from one another. Clearly, languages require different things of their speakers. Scholars on the other side of the debate don't find the differences in how people talk convincing. Follow me to Pormpuraaw, a small Aboriginal community on the western edge of Cape York, in northern Australia. 1 S. 3 B. 4 L. 5 D. 7 L. 8 L.
Il quoziente di intelligenza, che era sempre in crescita, ora sta diminuendo Il Quoziente d'Intelligenza (QI) medio della popolazione mondiale è in continuo aumento (effetto Flynn). Questo almeno dal secondo dopoguerra fino alla fine degli anni 90. Da allora il QI è invece in diminuzione... È l'inversione dell'Effetto Flynn. La tesi è ancora discussa e molti studi sono in corso da anni senza riuscire a placare il dibattito. La graduale scomparsa dei tempi (congiuntivo, imperfetto, forme composte del futuro, participio passato) dà luogo a un pensiero quasi sempre al presente, limitato al momento: incapace di proiezioni nel tempo. Meno parole e meno verbi coniugati implicano meno capacità di esprimere le emozioni e meno possibilità di elaborare un pensiero. Come si può costruire un pensiero ipotetico-deduttivo senza il condizionale? Cari genitori e insegnanti: facciamo parlare, leggere e scrivere i nostri figli, i nostri studenti. Non c'è libertà senza necessità. © Riproduzione riservata
Extinction of Indigenous languages leads to loss of exclusive knowledge about medicinal plants A study at the University of Zurich in Switzerland shows that a large proportion of existing medicinal plant knowledge is linked to threatened Indigenous languages. In a regional study on the Amazon, New Guinea and North America, researchers concluded that 75% of medicinal plant uses are known in only one language.The study evaluated 645 plant species in the northwestern Amazon and their medicinal uses, according to the oral tradition of 37 languages. It found that 91% of this knowledge exists in a single language, and that the extinction of that language implies the loss of the medicinal knowledge as well.In Brazil, Indigenous schools hold an important role in preserving languages alongside cataloguing and revitalization projects like those held by the Karitiana people in Rondônia and the Pataxó in Bahia and Minas Gerais. The project Ethnologue concluded that 42% of the world’s more than 7,000 existing languages are endangered. Double the challenge Education over extinction
Natural Semantic Metalanguage The Natural Semantic Metalanguage approach, originated by Anna Wierzbicka, can lay claim to being the most well-developed, comprehensive and practical approach to cross-linguistic and cross-cultural semantics on the contemporary scene. It has been applied to over 30 languages from many parts of the world. The NSM approach is based on evidence that there is a small core of basic, universal meanings, known as semantic primes, which can be expressed by words or other linguistic expressions in all languages. This common core of meaning can be used as a tool for linguistic and cultural analysis: to explain the meanings of complex and culture-specific words and grammatical constructions (using semantic explications), and to articulate culture-specific values and attitudes (using cultural scripts). Using NSM allows us to formulate analyses which are clear, precise, cross-translatable, non-Anglocentric, and intelligible to people without specialist linguistic training.
100 (Free) Ways To Learn to Speak Another Language 100 Resources To Learn to Speak Another Language by TeachThought Staff Ed note: This post was first published in 2012, and is in the process of being updated. If you have any updates or corrections, please let us know in the comments. Learning another language is among the many things that have been made easier with the explosion of the digital universe. Video Channels Just watch and learn. Cantocourse Learn Cantonese through skits involving live cattle, public security officers, and “dating tips for plonkers.”OMGmeiyu In these short videos, English idioms and slang are translated into Mandarin by a perky American host.Swahili Lessons Get a short intro to this African language with this collection of videos.Let’s Speak Korean And how shall we speak it? Podcasts If you’re an auditory learner, we have good news for you. Textbooks Finally, free textbooks. Translation Use them as a supplement to your studies or just type a word in and memorize what comes out. Communities Tools Apps