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Immram
Brendan discovering the Faroes and Iceland Stamp sheet FR 252–253 of Postverk Føroya Issued: 18 April 1994 Artist: Colin Harrison An immram (/ˈɪmrəm/; plural immrama; Irish: iomramh, IPA: [ˈʊmˠɾˠəw], voyage) is a class of Old Irish tales concerning a hero's sea journey to the Otherworld (see Tír na nÓg and Mag Mell). Written in the Christian era and essentially Christian in aspect, they preserve elements of Irish mythology. The immrama are identifiable by their focus on the exploits of the heroes during their search for the Otherworld, located in these cases in the islands far to the west of Ireland. Definition[edit] The immrama are generally confused with a similar Irish genre, the echtrae or "adventure". Stories[edit] Originally there were seven officially recognised Immram listed in a list of ancient texts[citation needed]. Origins[edit] One of the first Celticists, Heinrich Zimmerman, attempted to link the immram with the Aeneid and the Odyssey. Influence[edit] Irish author C.
History of the Irish language
Early history[edit] The history of the Irish language begins with the arrival of speakers of Celtic languages in Ireland. This predates the recorded history of the island and is an open question, debated by linguists and archaeologists. Some scholars put the earliest date at ca. 1200 BC,[2] while others posit dates between 2600 and 2000 BC.[3] Primitive Irish[edit] The earliest written form of the Irish language is known to linguists as Primitive Irish.[4] Primitive Irish is known only from fragments, mostly personal names,[5] inscribed on stone in the Ogham alphabet. Old Irish[edit] Old Irish first appears in the margins of Latin manuscripts as early as the 6th century. Middle Irish[edit] Middle Irish is the form of Irish used from the 10th to 12th centuries; it is therefore a contemporary of late Old English and early Middle English. Early Modern Irish[edit] Queen Elizabeth I encouraged the use of Irish even in the Pale with a view to promoting the reformed religion.
Gaelic Ireland
Gaelic Ireland was a Gaelic political and social order that existed in Ireland from sometime in prehistoric era until the early 17th century. Before the Norman invasion of 1169, Gaelic Ireland comprised the whole island. Thereafter, it comprised that part of the country not under English or at least foreign dominion at a given time. For most of its history, Ireland was a 'patchwork'[1] hierarchy of territories ruled by a hierarchy of kings or chiefs, who were elected by a system known as tanistry. Gaelic-Irish culture was initially pagan and was mainly based on an oral tradition, although inscription in the ogham alphabet began in the protohistoric period, perhaps as early as the 1st century BCE. In the 9th century, the Vikings began raiding and founding settlements along Ireland's coasts and waterways. In 1542, Henry VIII of England declared the Lordship a Kingdom and himself King of Ireland. Culture and society[edit] An Irish bronze reliquary from the 7th or 8th century Paganism[edit]
Timeline of Irish history
This is a timeline of Irish history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Ireland and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Ireland. See also the list of Lords and Kings of Ireland and Irish heads of state and the list of years in Ireland. Mesolithic and neolithic periods[edit] Bronze and Iron ages[edit] 1st century[edit] 2nd century[edit] 3rd century[edit] 4th century[edit] 5th century[edit] 6th century[edit] 7th century[edit] 8th century[edit] 9th century[edit] 10th century[edit] 11th century[edit] 12th century[edit] 13th century[edit] 14th century[edit] 15th century[edit] 16th century[edit] 17th century[edit] 18th century[edit] 19th century[edit] 20th century[edit] 21st century[edit] References[edit]
History of Ireland (1169–1536)
A tower house near Quin. The Normans consolidated their presence in Ireland by building hundreds of castles and towers such as this Trim Castle (1169-) is a major construction of this period The History of Ireland 1169–1536 covers the period from the arrival of the Cambro-Normans[1] to the reign of Henry VIII of England, who made himself King of Ireland. By the 12th century, Ireland was divided politically into a shifting hierarchy of petty kingdoms and over-kingdoms. After losing the protection of Tír Eoghain (Tyrone) Chief, Muircheartach Mac Lochlainn, High King of Ireland, who died in 1166, Dermot MacMurrough (Irish Diarmaid Mac Murchada), was forcibly exiled by a confederation of Irish forces under the new High King, Ruaidhrí Ó Conchobhair. Diarmaid fled first to Bristol and then to Normandy. Henry landed with a large fleet at Waterford in 1171, becoming the first King of England to set foot on Irish soil. Hiberno-Norman Ireland was deeply shaken by four events in the 14th century:
Black Death
Spread of the Black Death in Europe (1346–53) The Black Death is thought to have originated in the arid plains of central Asia, where it then travelled along the Silk Road, reaching the Crimea by 1343.[6] From there, it was most likely carried by Oriental rat fleas living on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships. Spreading throughout the Mediterranean and Europe, the Black Death is estimated to have killed 30–60% of Europe's total population.[7] In total, the plague reduced the world population from an estimated 450 million down to 350–375 million in the 14th century. The aftermath of the plague created a series of religious, social, and economic upheavals, which had profound effects on the course of European history. It took 150 years for Europe's population to recover.[citation needed] The plague recurred occasionally in Europe until the 19th century. Chronology Origins of the disease European outbreak There appear to have been several introductions into Europe.
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Character Name Generator
Ever get stuck for names of NPCs your player characters run into that you never expected to provide them? Here?s a fast and easy way to have many monikers on hand when Rodar the fighter wants to know the name of the brash drunk challenging him to a fight in the tavern, or the name of the shy barmaid over whom they? While eight steps appear below, you only have to complete the first three to make the generator work. Once you?
