Basic UNIX commands

Note: not all of these are actually part of UNIX itself, and you may not find them on all UNIX machines. But they can all be used on turing in essentially the same way, by typing the command and hitting return. Note that some of these commands are different on non-Solaris machines - see SunOS differences. If you've made a typo, the easiest thing to do is hit CTRL-u to cancel the whole line. But you can also edit the command line (see the guide to More UNIX). Files ls --- lists your files ls -l --- lists your files in 'long format', which contains lots of useful information, e.g. the exact size of the file, who owns the file and who has the right to look at it, and when it was last modified. Directories Directories, like folders on a Macintosh, are used to group files together in a hierarchical structure. mkdir dirname --- make a new directory cd dirname --- change directory. Finding things ff --- find files anywhere on the system. About other people About your (electronic) self

XEmacs: The next generation of Emacs Cygwin/X UNIX / Linux Tutorial for Beginners A beginners guide to the Unix and Linux operating system. Eight simple tutorials which cover the basics of UNIX / Linux commands. Introduction to the UNIX Operating System What is UNIX? Files and processes The Directory Structure Starting an UNIX terminal Tutorial One Listing files and directories Making Directories Changing to a different Directory The directories . and .. Recommended UNIX and Linux books If you wish to continue learning Unix, here is a list of good Unix and Linux books, ranging from beginners to advanced. How to set up SSH (for the beginner) How to set up SSH (for the beginner) Last modified $Date: 2013/01/30 05:18:43 $, $Revision: 1.19 $. Some folks have offered links to translations; these may be useful, but note that I have not verified them. This is a minimal set of instructions to get a beginner going with ssh2, in particular the client version of OpenSSH which comes on Linux distributions or on Windows via Cygwin. I've included a section to help you connect to machines which are not running OpenSSH but some commercial ssh. Since it covers both Linux and Windows it reflects the author's bias and takes a command line approach: it assumes some knowledge of typing things at a command prompt (e.g., the "cd" command). If you want to enable ssh clients to connect to your computer (i.e., make it an ssh server, then on Linux this is usually just a matter of installing the ssh server package, which may be called "sshd" or "ssh-server". Note that these explanations make reference to your "home" directory (written "HOME" or "~").

Secure copy The term SCP can refer to one of two related things, the SCP protocol or the SCP program. SCP protocol[edit] How it works[edit] Normally, a client initiates an SSH connection to the remote host, and requests an SCP process to be started on the remote server. The remote SCP process can operate in one of two modes: source mode, which reads files (usually from disk) and sends them back to the client, or sink mode, which accepts the files sent by the client and writes them (usually to disk) on the remote host. Remote to remote mode[edit] In remote-to-remote secure copy, the SCP client opens an SSH connection to the source host and requests that it, in turn, open an SCP connection to the destination. Issues using talkative shell profiles[edit] SCP does not expect text communicating with the ssh login shell. SCP program[edit] The SCP program is a software tool implementing the SCP protocol as a service daemon or client. Copying file to host: scp SourceFile user@host:directory/TargetFile

tcsh tcsh (/ˌtiːˈsiːʃɛl/ "tee-cee-shell", /ˈtiːʃɛl/ "tee-shell", or as an initialism "tee cee ess aitch") is a Unix shell based on and compatible with the C shell (csh). It is essentially the C shell with programmable command line completion, command-line editing, and a few other features. History[edit] The “t” in tcsh comes from the “T” in TENEX, an operating system which inspired Ken Greer at Carnegie Mellon University, the author of tcsh, with its command-completion feature.[1] Greer began working on his code to implement Tenex-style file name completion in September 1975, finally merging it into the C shell in December 1981.[2] Mike Ellis at Fairchild A.I. Paul Placeway from Ohio State University continued work on it in the 1980s, and since then it has been maintained by numerous people. Significant features[edit] #Alias the cd command so that when you change directories, the contents are immediately displayed.alias cd 'cd \! Wildcard matching Job controlThe built-in where command.

UNIX Tutorial - Introduction What is UNIX? UNIX is an operating system which was first developed in the 1960s, and has been under constant development ever since. By operating system, we mean the suite of programs which make the computer work. UNIX systems also have a graphical user interface (GUI) similar to Microsoft Windows which provides an easy to use environment. Types of UNIX There are many different versions of UNIX, although they share common similarities. Here in the School, we use Solaris on our servers and workstations, and Fedora Linux on the servers and desktop PCs. The UNIX operating system The UNIX operating system is made up of three parts; the kernel, the shell and the programs. The kernel The kernel of UNIX is the hub of the operating system: it allocates time and memory to programs and handles the filestore and communications in response to system calls. The shell The shell acts as an interface between the user and the kernel. The tcsh shell has certain features to help the user inputting commands.

chmod Program to change access permissions of a file or folder History[edit] A chmod command first appeared in AT&T UNIX version 1, along with the chmod system call. As systems grew in number and types of users, access-control lists[3] were added to many file systems in addition to these most basic modes to increase flexibility. Command syntax[edit] Throughout this section, user refers to the owner of the file, as a reminder that the symbolic form of the command uses "u". chmod [options] mode[,mode] file1 [file2 ...][7] Usually implemented options include: -R Recursive, i.e. include objects in subdirectories. If a symbolic link is specified, the target object is affected. To view the file mode, the ls or stat commands may be used: $ ls -l findPhoneNumbers.sh -rwxr-xr-- 1 dgerman staff 823 Dec 16 15:03 findPhoneNumbers.sh$ stat -c %a findPhoneNumbers.sh 754 The main parts of the chmod permissions: For example: rwxr-x--- Each group of three characters define permissions for each class: Numeric example[edit]

Tips for Using xmgr. xmgr is a menu-driven program for 2D plotting that produces publication quality output. It also has a command language for designing templates for complex figures. In addition to plotting, xmgr can do some data analysis, such as regressions, splines, fft's, and applying functions to data. It is invoked by typing "xmgr" on any of our workstations (RS/6000, SGI, Linux). It is recommended that the following line be included in your .Xdefaults file: XMgr*fontList: -adobe-helvetica-bold-r-normal--14-*-*-*-*-*-iso8859-1 Otherwise, the menus will appear in a small, indistinct font. Some Simple Examples to Get Started: If file.* are m-by-2 matrices, "xmgr file.*" will plot all the curves on a single plot. You can have up to 10 graphs, each of which can have up to 30 data sets contained in one file divided up arbitrarily among several files, provided the right flags are given. Additional Sources of Information Finally, there is a world-wide listserv where you can post sticky questions.