Emergence In philosophy, systems theory, science, and art, emergence is a process whereby larger entities, patterns, and regularities arise through interactions among smaller or simpler entities that themselves do not exhibit such properties. Emergence is central in theories of integrative levels and of complex systems. For instance, the phenomenon life as studied in biology is commonly perceived as an emergent property of interacting molecules as studied in chemistry, whose phenomena reflect interactions among elementary particles, modeled in particle physics, that at such higher mass—via substantial conglomeration—exhibit motion as modeled in gravitational physics. Neurobiological phenomena are often presumed to suffice as the underlying basis of psychological phenomena, whereby economic phenomena are in turn presumed to principally emerge. In philosophy, emergence typically refers to emergentism. In philosophy[edit] Main article: Emergentism Definitions[edit] Strong and weak emergence[edit]
Evolutionsökonomik Evolutionsökonomik (auch: Evolutorische Ökonomik oder Evolutionäre Ökonomik) ist ein in den 1980er Jahren entstandenes Forschungsgebiet der Wirtschaftswissenschaft, das sich mit der Rolle des Wissens, seinem Wandel und seinen Begrenzungen für die Wirtschaft befasst.[1] Es baut auf älteren Theorien der Anpassung der Unternehmen an ihre Umwelten (Armen A. Alchian), auf Theorien des Entrepreneurs (Schumpeter) und auf ressourcentheoretischen Ansätzen (Edith Penrose) auf und stellt die mikroökonomische Gleichgewichtstheorie in Frage. Stellung[Bearbeiten] Eine einheitliche Auffassung über die Stellung der Evolutionsökonomik innerhalb der Wirtschaftswissenschaft existiert nicht, vielmehr sind zwei grundlegend verschiedene Ansätze zu unterscheiden:[1] Grundbegriffe[Bearbeiten] Zentrale Grundbegriffe der Evolutionsökonomik sind: Denktradition[Bearbeiten] Die Evolutionsökonomik wurde beeinflusst von: der Institutionenökonomik der Klassischen Nationalökonomie sowie Beiträgen von G. Literatur[Bearbeiten]
Introduction to Historiography This course provides an introduction to the subject of History. Much of the content here was developed by the now defunct Department of Philosophy of History. Students can use these resources to learn about History and its methodologies. History is the study of systematically collected information about the past. When used as the name of a field of study, history refers to the study and interpretation of the record of humans, families, and societies as preserved primarily through written sources. History is thus usually distinguished from prehistory by the widespread adoption of writing in the area under study. Traditionally, the study of history has been considered a part of the humanities. Civilization, Cultural Diffusion, and Innovation[edit] Human Interaction With The Environment[edit] Values, Beliefs, Political Ideas and Institutions[edit] Conflict and Cooperation[edit] Comparative History of Major Developments[edit] Patterns of Social and Political Interaction[edit]
QinetiQ Group plc Announcements | QinetiQ Group plc: Interim Management Statement RNS Number : 0966X QinetiQ Group plc 05 February 2013 Interim Management Statement Overall, the Group's performance during the third quarter was as expected and the outlook for the year is unchanged from that set out in the half-year results announced in November 2012. The performance of UK Services continues to benefit from a more competitive cost base and better project execution. In the US, the high level of uncertainty in the federal services market has been maintained by the extension of the sequestration deadline to 1 March 2013. As previously indicated, the performance of Global Products for the year will be first half weighted following the delivery of two key orders for the Q-NetTM vehicle survivability product, plus additional spares orders, during the first six months of the year. Following the achievement of a net cash position at the half year, the Group's balance sheet and cash generation remain strong. Notes to Editors: For further information please contact:
Agent-based model An agent-based model (ABM) is one of a class of computational models for simulating the actions and interactions of autonomous agents (both individual or collective entities such as organizations or groups) with a view to assessing their effects on the system as a whole. It combines elements of game theory, complex systems, emergence, computational sociology, multi-agent systems, and evolutionary programming. Monte Carlo Methods are used to introduce randomness. Particularly within ecology, ABMs are also called individual-based models (IBMs),[1] and individuals within IBMs may be simpler than fully autonomous agents within ABMs. Agent-based models are a kind of microscale model [3] that simulate the simultaneous operations and interactions of multiple agents in an attempt to re-create and predict the appearance of complex phenomena. The process is one of emergence from the lower (micro) level of systems to a higher (macro) level. History[edit] Early developments[edit] Theory[edit]
Institutionenökonomik Der Institutionalismus ist ein wirtschaftswissenschaftlicher Ansatz , der gegen Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts in den USA entwickelt wurde und die Wechselwirkungen von Wirtschaft und den Institutionen der Gesellschaft analysiert. Hiervon ist die erst in neuerer Zeit entstandene Neue Institutionenökonomik zu unterscheiden. Institutionalismus [ Bearbeiten ] Der Institutionalismus (engl.: institutional economics ) wurde als eine nicht-marxistische Kritik der vorherrschenden ökonomischen Theorie [1] sowie als „Gewissen der Ökonomenzunft“ [2] genannt. Bis ungefähr 1939 übte der Institutionalismus einen hervorragenden Einfluss innerhalb der Wirtschaftswissenschaft der Vereinigten Staaten aus. 1966 wurde die Association for Evolutionary Economics (AFEE [6] ) gegründet und 1967 als wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift das Journal of Economic Issues [7] herausgebracht. Neue Institutionenökonomik [ Bearbeiten ] Siehe Hauptartikel Neue Institutionenökonomik Literatur [ Bearbeiten ] Einzelnachweise [ Bearbeiten ]
Center for American Progress Qinetiq Share Price. QQ. - Stock Quote, Charts, Trade History, Share Chat, Financial Terms Glossary.Qinetiq Group Plc Ord 1P Share Price Information for Qinetiq (QQ.) Price Bid Ask Change Volume Open High Low Close Currency 25-Apr-14 Buy* Trade Type:Automatic execution *Buys and Sells are calculated on the difference between the trade price and the current mid price. View more Qinetiq trades >>View more Qinetiq directors dealings >> Date/Time Author Subject Share Price† Opinion 6 Apr '14 wlsn optasense No Opinion Any news on optasense partnership with an oil field service company? 4 Mar '14 Rocka999 GheeBhee Never a truer word said Crimea Rumours of war are always good for the arms research business. 1 Mar '14 I see this has been sneaking up quietly in the background, could with some rumours to get it going :) 18 Feb '14 Optasense Looks like it's got a great future in the oil business, I like anything that is a global leader ! SpeedyGonzo Nice one Thread View
Percolation threshold Percolation threshold is a mathematical term related to percolation theory , which is the formation of long-range connectivity in random systems. Below the threshold a giant connected component does not exist; while above it, there exists a giant component of the order of system size. In engineering and coffee making , percolation represents the flow of fluids through porous media, but in the mathematics and physics worlds it generally refers to simplified lattice models of random systems or networks (graphs), and the nature of the connectivity in them. The percolation threshold is the critical value of the occupation probability p , or more generally a critical surface for a group of parameters p 1 , p 2 , ..., such that infinite connectivity ( percolation ) first occurs. [ edit ] Percolation models In the systems described so far, it has been assumed that the occupation of a site or bond is completely random—this is the so-called Bernoulli percolation. [ edit ] 2-Uniform Lattices or . .
Neue Institutionenökonomik Die Neue Institutionenökonomik (NIÖ) ist eine neuere Theorie der Volkswirtschaftslehre, die die Wirkung von Institutionen auf die Wirtschaftseinheiten (privater Haushalt, Unternehmen) untersucht. Zu unterscheiden ist die Neue Institutionenökonomik von der („alten“) Institutionenökonomik. Gegenstand[Bearbeiten] Institutionen im Sinne der Neuen Institutionenökonomik sind formale und informelle Regeln einschließlich der Mechanismen ihrer Durchsetzung, welche das Verhalten von Individuen in Transaktionen beschränken. Geschichte[Bearbeiten] Bereits einige Klassiker befassten sich mit dem, was wir heute unter Institutionen verstehen. Die Neue Institutionenökonomik lässt sich auf den 1937 erschienenen Aufsatz The Nature of the Firm von Ronald Coase zurückführen. Annahmen[Bearbeiten] Die neue Institutionenökonomik unterscheidet sich somit in wesentlichen Punkten von der neoklassischen Theorie, in deren einfachem Modell des Homo oeconomicus es keine Transaktionskosten gibt. Beispiel[Bearbeiten]
New Left Review Qinetiq Coordinates: Qinetiq (/kɪˈnɛtɪk/ as in kinetic; styled as QinetiQ) is a British multinational defence technology company headquartered in Farnborough, Hampshire, United Kingdom. It is the world's 52nd-largest defence contractor measured by 2011 defence revenues, and the sixth-largest based in the UK.[3] Qinetiq was formed from the privatised part of the former UK government agency, Defence Evaluation and Research Agency (DERA) in June 2001 (with the remainder of DERA renamed as Dstl). It has major sites in the UK at Farnborough, Hampshire, MoD Boscombe Down, Wiltshire, and Malvern, Worcestershire, each of which are former DERA sites. Since its formation it has made numerous acquisitions, primarily of United States based companies. Qinetiq is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index. Name[edit] "Qinetiq" is an invented name.[4] "Qi" is supposed to reflect the company's energy, "net" its networking ability, and "iq" its intellectual resources.[4] UAS[edit]
Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science Assembles for the first time the concepts and tools for analyzing complex systems in a wide range of fields Reflects the real world by integrating complexity with the deterministic equations and concepts that define matter, energy, and the four forces identified in nature Benefits a broad audience: undergraduates, researchers and practitioners in mathematics and many related fields Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science provides an authoritative single source for understanding and applying the concepts of complexity theory together with the tools and measures for analyzing complex systems in all fields of science and engineering. The science and tools of complexity and systems science include theories of self-organization, complex systems, synergetics, dynamical systems, turbulence, catastrophes, instabilities, nonlinearity, stochastic processes, chaos, neural networks, cellular automata, adaptive systems, and genetic algorithms. Content Level » Research Show all authors