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Science

Science
Systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge The Universe represented as multiple disk-shaped slices across time, which passes from left to right Modern science is typically divided into three major branches that consist of the natural sciences (e.g., biology, chemistry, and physics), which study nature in the broadest sense; the social sciences (e.g., economics, psychology, and sociology), which study individuals and societies; and the formal sciences (e.g., logic, mathematics, and theoretical computer science), which study abstract concepts. There is disagreement,[19][20][21] however, on whether the formal sciences actually constitute a science as they do not rely on empirical evidence.[22][20] Disciplines that use existing scientific knowledge for practical purposes, such as engineering and medicine, are described as applied sciences.[23][24][25][26] History Early cultures Classical antiquity In classical antiquity, there is no real ancient analog of a modern scientist. Notes

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Nemertes Research Nemertes Research is a research-advisory firm that specializes in analyzing and quantifying the business value of emerging technologies headquartered in Mokena, Illinois. The Times called it "a respected American think-tank",[1] while others mention its name as a concrete example in an article criticizing "unscrupulous think tanks".[2] Research focus areas[edit]

Neuroscience Neuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system.[1] Traditionally, neuroscience has been seen as a branch of biology. However, it is currently an interdisciplinary science that collaborates with other fields such as chemistry, computer science, engineering, linguistics, mathematics, medicine and allied disciplines, philosophy, physics, and psychology. It also exerts influence on other fields, such as neuroeducation[2] and neurolaw. The term neurobiology is usually used interchangeably with the term neuroscience, although the former refers specifically to the biology of the nervous system, whereas the latter refers to the entire science of the nervous system. Because of the increasing number of scientists who study the nervous system, several prominent neuroscience organizations have been formed to provide a forum to all neuroscientists and educators.

Global Warming Frequently Asked Questions IntroductionGreen House EffectGreen House GasesGlobal TemperaturesEl NiñoOcean Heat ContentSea Level RiseHydrological CycleCryosphereClimate Variability and ExtremesHistorical ContextNatural VariabilityU.S. ClimateFuture Climate ProjectionsAdditional Resources Introduction The nonagon (Method „A“) « Sacred geometry THE NONAGON (Method „A“)with example of trisection of angles larger than 90° Foreword to Chapter Eight Before we say anything about the nonagon, we will „single out“ one of the fundamental laws of sacred geometry that we might have noticed in our presentations up to now and which will be deepened in our forthcoming chapters.

Physics Various examples of physical phenomena Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines, perhaps the oldest through its inclusion of astronomy.[8] Over the last two millennia, physics was a part of natural philosophy along with chemistry, certain branches of mathematics, and biology, but during the Scientific Revolution in the 17th century, the natural sciences emerged as unique research programs in their own right.[b] Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined.

Carbon cycle This diagram of the fast carbon cycle shows the movement of carbon between land, atmosphere, and oceans in billions of tons of carbon per year. Yellow numbers are natural fluxes, red are human contributions in billions of tons of carbon per year. White numbers indicate stored carbon.

Bisection of Yin and Yang The flag of South Korea (and of Kingdom of Korea from 1883) contains the ancient yin-yang symbol (Taijitu in Chinese, Tomoye in Japanese and Taegeuk in Korean) that represents the struggle, merger and co-existence of two opposites (could be hot/cold, male/female, sky/earth, moon/sun, etc.) In the diagram Yin (the negative aspect) is rendered in black, with Yang (the positive aspect) rendered in white. Biology History The objects of our research will be the different forms and manifestations of life, the conditions and laws under which these phenomena occur, and the causes through which they have been effected. The science that concerns itself with these objects we will indicate by the name biology [Biologie] or the doctrine of life [Lebenslehre]. Although modern biology is a relatively recent development, sciences related to and included within it have been studied since ancient times. Natural philosophy was studied as early as the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indian subcontinent, and China. However, the origins of modern biology and its approach to the study of nature are most often traced back to ancient Greece.[6] While the formal study of medicine dates back to Hippocrates (ca. 460 BC – ca. 370 BC), it was Aristotle (384 BC – 322 BC) who contributed most extensively to the development of biology.

History of climate change science The history of the scientific discovery of climate change began in the early 19th century when ice ages and other natural changes in paleoclimate were first suspected and the natural greenhouse effect first identified. In the late 19th century, scientists first argued that human emissions of greenhouse gases could change the climate. Many other theories of climate change were advanced, involving forces from volcanism to solar variation. Persistence Now, if your going to do something well you must be persistent at it, single minded in its delivery: you'll first find a wealth of team players willing to offer up strict advice, guidelines and then support; it's your idea, and as such, only accept sincerity, to the rest, ignore. Keep working at it ... And, dwell upon your task with focus and flow: Sooner or later, your persistence will engage them once again. They'll try to berate you for it. This will inform you that you are indeed starting to make head-way.

New Journal of Physics Understanding nonequilibrium systems and the consequences of irreversibility for the system’s behavior as compared to the equilibrium case, is a fundamental question in statistical physics. Here, we investigate two types of nonequilibrium phase transitions, a second-order and an infinite-order phase transition, in a prototypical q-state vector Potts model which is driven out of equilibrium by coupling the spins to heat baths at two different temperatures. We discuss the behavior of the quantities that are typically considered in the vicinity of (equilibrium) phase transitions, like the specific heat, and moreover investigate the behavior of the entropy production (EP), which directly quantifies the irreversibility of the process. For the second-order phase transition, we show that the universality class remains the same as in equilibrium.

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