Ontology is Overrated -- Categories, Links, and Tags Ontology is Overrated: Categories, Links, and Tags This piece is based on two talks I gave in the spring of 2005 -- one at the O'Reilly ETech conference in March, entitled "Ontology Is Overrated", and one at the IMCExpo in April entitled "Folksonomies & Tags: The rise of user-developed classification." The written version is a heavily edited concatenation of those two talks. Today I want to talk about categorization, and I want to convince you that a lot of what we think we know about categorization is wrong. In particular, I want to convince you that many of the ways we're attempting to apply categorization to the electronic world are actually a bad fit, because we've adopted habits of mind that are left over from earlier strategies. I also want to convince you that what we're seeing when we see the Web is actually a radical break with previous categorization strategies, rather than an extension of them. PART I: Classification and Its Discontents # Q: What is Ontology? And yet. Domain
Ontology (information science) In computer science and information science, an ontology formally represents knowledge as a hierarchy of concepts within a domain, using a shared vocabulary to denote the types, properties and interrelationships of those concepts.[1][2] Ontologies are the structural frameworks for organizing information and are used in artificial intelligence, the Semantic Web, systems engineering, software engineering, biomedical informatics, library science, enterprise bookmarking, and information architecture as a form of knowledge representation about the world or some part of it. The creation of domain ontologies is also fundamental to the definition and use of an enterprise architecture framework. The term ontology has its origin in philosophy and has been applied in many different ways. What many ontologies have in common in both computer science and in philosophy is the representation of entities, ideas, and events, along with their properties and relations, according to a system of categories.
Everything is Miscellaneous The complex dynamics of collaborative tagging The debate within the Web community over the optimal means by which to organize information often pits formalized classifications against distributed collaborative tagging systems. A number of questions remain unanswered, however, regarding the nature of collaborative tagging systems including whether coherent categorization schemes can emerge from unsupervised tagging by users. This paper uses data from the social bookmarking site delicio. us to examine the dynamics of collaborative tagging systems.
Tag (metadata) Keyword assigned to information Overview[edit] History[edit] The use of keywords as part of an identification and classification system long predates computers. Online databases and early websites deployed keyword tags as a way for publishers to help users find content. Examples[edit] Within a blog[edit] Within application software[edit] Assigned to computer files[edit] There are various systems for applying tags to the files in a computer's file system. For an event[edit] In research[edit] Special types[edit] Triple tags[edit] Hashtags[edit] Knowledge tags[edit] Advantages and disadvantages[edit] Complex system dynamics[edit] Spamming[edit] Syntax[edit] See also[edit] Notes[edit] References[edit]
Semantic Web The Semantic Web is a collaborative movement led by international standards body the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).[1] The standard promotes common data formats on the World Wide Web. By encouraging the inclusion of semantic content in web pages, the Semantic Web aims at converting the current web, dominated by unstructured and semi-structured documents into a "web of data". The Semantic Web stack builds on the W3C's Resource Description Framework (RDF).[2] According to the W3C, "The Semantic Web provides a common framework that allows data to be shared and reused across application, enterprise, and community boundaries".[2] The term was coined by Tim Berners-Lee for a web of data that can be processed by machines.[3] While its critics have questioned its feasibility, proponents argue that applications in industry, biology and human sciences research have already proven the validity of the original concept. History[edit] Purpose[edit] Limitations of HTML[edit] Semantic Web solutions[edit]
Visualizing the contents of social bookmarking systems I’ve decided to post a few visualizations I’ve made some time ago as part of my PhD work. The method has been published, but more as a sidenote [1]; also, I’ve since applied it to additional datasets, so I thought it might be interesting to share those images. In my PhD thesis, I try to make sense of the large bodies of data that are accumulated by people saving resources online, tagging them with whatever words they choose in order to find them later on. Each time a user u saves a document d, using the tags t1, t2, and t3, three triples (d,u,t1), (d,u,t2), (d,u,t3) are created. In this way, the users of large social bookmarking sites like Delicious have created datasets of several hundreds of millions of triples. Over the last years, a whole body of literature has been created that’s concerned with making sense of this data (there’s an intuition that something valuable is in there; after all, each of these millions of triples means that somebody has thought *something*!).
Scientific social tagging - background knowledge come to surface (AquaRing Project) Social Media & Learning: Pt 1 Social bookmarking, networking and file sharing Jane Hart's Articles & Presentations Social Media and Learning Part 1: Social bookmarking, social file-sharing and social networking Inside Learning Technologies Magazine, October 2008 Jane Hart is a Social Media & Learning Consultant who works with organisations to help them understand how new social media tools can be used for learning and performance support. Jane is also the founder of the Centre for Learning & Performance Technologies, where she keeps abreast of current and emerging technologies. The first phase of the Web (aka Web 1.0) was all about content publishing by “experts”, which for education and training meant the creation and delivery of online courses. In this three part article I am going to take a look at how some key social media tools can be used for learning, development and performance support, and how they can easily be implemented within a workplace learning environment. Social bookmarking Social file sharing Flickr is a photo sharing site.
In Search of Tags Lost: Combining Social Bookmarking and SemWeb Technologies Executive Summary We introduce a web application which integrates the core idea of social bookmarking with semantic components allowing to enhance search and navigation, and to overcome the drawbacks of collaborative tagging. Social Bookmarking and its Limits Social bookmarking services such as StumbleUpon, Del.icio.us, Diigo, etc. have proved to be a relatively successful Web 2.0 application. These services allow users to tag web pages or page fragments and explore bookmarks created by others. However, such services have several major drawbacks. First, most familiar systems of social bookmarking face the problem of uncontrolled growth of the tag set. Many existing systems try to overcome this problem by introducing lists of recommended tags. Furthermore, even one and the same user can occasionally forget the meaning of her own tag. Finally, the classic (multiple) tag search proves to be very limited. The Semantic Solution There are three crucial ingredients of our solution: NLP Core Fig. 1.
Social Bookmarking in the Enterprise at MITRE The Boston KM Forum topic this evening was Tag Me! Social Bookmarking in the Enterprise, a talk by Laurie Damianos of MITRE (an interview with her at CMU). Going into the talk, the most interesting thing to me is Laurie's title: she's a Lead Artificial Intelligence Engineer - Can I get that job? Why social bookmarking in the enterprise? After the setup, the bulk of the session was an overview of the project and included a lot of back-and-forth with the audience members. In the overview of features (which are quite extensive), one could see a lot of del.icio.us and many of the other social bookmarking services. It's possible to comment on bookmarks, though Laurie said it isn't used very heavily. The pilot was with a limited set of users, picked to be the ones that would advocate even greater usage. Beyond the features, we spent a good amount of time talking about how people have reacted to the social bookmarking tool. And the statistics: The advertised description:
Tag cloud foundation-l word cloud, created with the complete gzip'ed list archives (without duplicate emails from archives and all headers and quoted text in body), using IBM Word Cloud Generator build 32.[1] A tag cloud with terms related to Web 2.0 History[edit] In the language of visual design, a tag cloud (or word cloud) is one kind of "weighted list", as commonly used on geographic maps to represent the relative size of cities in terms of relative typeface size. An early printed example of a weighted list of English keywords was the "subconscious files" in Douglas Coupland's Microserfs (1995). A German appearance occurred in 1992.[3] The specific visual form and common use of the term "tag cloud" rose to prominence in the first decade of the 21st century as a widespread feature of early Web 2.0 websites and blogs, used primarily to visualize the frequency distribution of keyword metadata that describe website content, and as a navigation aid. Types[edit] Frequency[edit] Categorization[edit] and for
Folksonomy :: vanderwal.net This page is a static permanent web document. It has been written to provide a place to cite the coinage of folksonomy. This is response the request from many in the academic community to document the circumstances and date of the creation of the term folksonomy. The definition at creation is also part of this document. Background I have been a fan of ad hoc labeling and tagging systems since at least the late 1980s after watching a co-worker work his magic with Lotus Magellan (he would add his own ad hoc keywords or tags to the documents on his hard drive, paying particular attention to add these tags to documents others created so to add his context). In 2003 del.icio.us was started by Joshua Schacter and it included identity in its social bookmarking. Not long after del.icio.us, Flickr (a social photo sharing site) started including tags while it was still early in its product development. Creation of Folksonomy Term I am a fan of the word folk when talking about regular people.
Social bookmarking Common features[edit] In a social bookmarking system, users save links to web pages that they want to remember and/or share. These bookmarks are usually public, and can be saved privately, shared only with specified people or groups, shared only inside certain networks, or another combination of public and private domains. The allowed people can usually view these bookmarks chronologically, by category or tags, or via a search engine. Many social bookmarking services provide web feeds for their lists of bookmarks, including lists organized by tags. This allows subscribers to become aware of new bookmarks as they are saved, shared, and tagged by other users. As these services have matured and grown more popular, they have added extra features such as ratings and comments on bookmarks, the ability to import and export bookmarks from browsers, emailing of bookmarks, web annotation, and groups or other social network features.[4] History[edit] Folksonomy[edit] Uses[edit] Libraries[edit]