Neocortex A representative column of neocortex. Cell body layers are labeled on the left, and fiber layers are labeled on the right. Anatomy[edit] The neocortex consists of the grey matter, or neuronal cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers, surrounding the deeper white matter (myelinated axons) in the cerebrum. The neurons of the neocortex are also arranged in vertical structures called neocortical columns. The neocortex is derived embryonically from the dorsal telencephalon, which is the rostral part of the forebrain. Evolution[edit] The neocortex is the newest part of the cerebral cortex to evolve (hence the prefix "neo"); the other parts of the cerebral cortex are the paleocortex and archicortex, collectively known as the allocortex. The six-layer cortex appears to be a distinguishing feature of mammals; it has been found in the brains of all mammals, but not in any other animals.[1] There is some debate,[6][7] however, as to the cross-species nomenclature for neocortex. Neocortex ratio[edit]
Nervous system The nervous system is the part of an animal's body that coordinates its voluntary and involuntary actions and transmits signals between different parts of its body. Nervous tissue first arose in wormlike organisms about 550 to 600 million years ago. In most animal species it consists of two main parts, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord. The PNS consists mainly of nerves, which are enclosed bundles of the long fibers or axons, that connect the CNS to every other part of the body. The central nervous system functions to send signals from one cell to others, or from one part of the body to others and to receive feedback. Neuroscience is the field of science that focuses on the study of the nervous system. Structure All animals more advanced than sponges have nervous systems. Cells The nervous system contains two main categories or types of cells: neurons and glial cells. Neurons Glial cells Anatomy in vertebrates
Researchers Map Brain Regions Linked to Intelligence FRIDAY, April 13 (HealthDay News) -- The physical architecture of intelligence in the brain has been mapped by scientists who used brain injury patients to conduct their research. The findings provide new insight about the specific brain structures involved in general intelligence and specific skills such as memory and the ability to understand words. The study included 182 Vietnam War veterans who had highly localized brain damage caused by penetrating head wounds. [Read: Health Buzz: Dental X-Rays Linked to Brain Tumors.] "It's a significant challenge to find patients [for research] who have brain damage, and even further, it's very hard to find patients who have focal brain damage," study leader Aron Barbey, a professor of neuroscience at the University of Illinois, said in a university news release. Many people who've suffered brain damage from stroke or other causes have multiple impaired brain areas. [Read: Study Suggests Vaccine May Help Kids With Brain Cancer.] More information
Lateralization of brain function The human brain is divided into two hemispheres–left and right. Scientists continue to explore how some cognitive functions tend to be dominated by one side or the other; that is, how they are lateralized. The longitudinal fissure separates the human brain into two distinct cerebral hemispheres, connected by the corpus callosum. The hemispheres exhibit strong, but not complete, bilateral symmetry in both structure and function. Broad generalizations are often made in popular psychology about one side or the other having characteristic labels, such as "logical" for the left side or "creative" for the right. The extent of any modularity, or specialization of brain function by area, remains under investigation. Additionally, although some functions are lateralized, these are only a tendency. History of research on lateralization[edit] Broca[edit] One of the first indications of brain function lateralization resulted from the research of French physician Pierre Paul Broca, in 1861.
Property dualism Category of positions in the philosophy of mind Property dualism: the exemplification of two kinds of property by one kind of substance Property dualism describes a category of positions in the philosophy of mind which hold that, although the world is composed of just one kind of substance—the physical kind—there exist two distinct kinds of properties: physical properties and mental properties. In other words, it is the view that non-physical, mental properties (such as thoughts, imagination and memories) exist in, or naturally supervene upon, certain physical substances (namely brains). Non-reductive physicalism[edit] Emergent materialism[edit] Emergentism is the idea that increasingly complex structures in the world give rise to the "emergence" of novel properties that are something over and above (i.e. cannot be reduced to) their more basic constituents (see Supervenience). Anomalous monism[edit] Biological naturalism[edit] Epiphenomenalism[edit] Epiphenomenal qualia[edit] Jackson continued:
Brain cost-efficiency linked to family genes Some brains are wired more efficiently than others, and new research has shown that 60% of the differences can be explained by genetic factors. Credit: iStockPhoto SYDNEY: How well our brain functions is largely based on our family’s genetic makeup, according to a new study which provides the first evidence of a genetic effect on how ‘cost-efficient’ our brain network wiring is. The study, led by Australian researchers, was published in The Journal of Neuroscience and could shed light on why some people are better able to perform certain tasks than others and the genetic basis of mental illnesses and neurological diseases. “Some brains are wired better than others, and 60% of the differences can be explained by genetic factors,” said lead author Alex Fornito from the Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre at the University of Melbourne. “The novelty is that we now have new methods to identify different aspects of brain network organisation. More bang for your buck
Helmuth Nyborg Helmuth Sørensen Nyborg (born 5 January 1937) is a former professor of developmental psychology at Aarhus University, Denmark and Olympic canoeist. His main research topic is the connection between hormones and intelligence. Among other things, he has worked on increasing the intelligence of girls with Turner's syndrome by giving them estrogen. His research has been widely criticized, and in 2007, after having been accused of scientific misconduct, he received a warning from Aarhus University for producing research of unacceptably low quality. Nyborg is a controversial figure among the Danish public for his research on topics such as the inheritance of intelligence and the relationship between sex and intelligence. 2005 controversial paper[edit] 2011 "Revolt Against Civilization" Seminar[edit] 2011 controversy[edit] Olympic Kayaking[edit] Nyborg competed as a sprint canoer in the early 1960s. Publications[edit] See also[edit] Sex and intelligence Notes[edit]
Forecasting Forecasting is the process of making statements about events whose actual outcomes (typically) have not yet been observed. A commonplace example might be estimation of some variable of interest at some specified future date. Prediction is a similar, but more general term. Both might refer to formal statistical methods employing time series, cross-sectional or longitudinal data, or alternatively to less formal judgmental methods. Usage can differ between areas of application: for example, in hydrology, the terms "forecast" and "forecasting" are sometimes reserved for estimates of values at certain specific future times, while the term "prediction" is used for more general estimates, such as the number of times floods will occur over a long period. Risk and uncertainty are central to forecasting and prediction; it is generally considered good practice to indicate the degree of uncertainty attaching to forecasts. Categories of forecasting methods[edit] Naïve approach[edit] e.g. See also
The Involvement of a Na - and Cl–-Dependent Transporter in the Brain Uptake †Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics and ‡Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia § Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States Department of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Open University, Milton Keyes, U.K. INSERM (U1016) Institut Cochin, Paris, France # CNRS (UMR8104), Paris, France Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France Mol. DOI: 10.1021/mp2004127 Publication Date (Web): February 21, 2012 Copyright © 2012 American Chemical Society *Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. Section: Abstract Despite their structural similarity, the two anti-influenza adamantane compounds amantadine (AMA) and rimantadine (RIM) exhibit strikingly different rates of blood–brain barrier (BBB) transport. Citing Articles
Sex and intelligence "Sex differences" are sexually dimorphic traits hypothesized to be evolved consequences of sexual selection.[1][2] Research spans several scientific disciplines investigating psychological and behavioral differences between men and women due to: Genetics and epigenetics.[3] Brain structure and function.[4][5][6] Hormones [7] Psychological traits such as emotion, motivation, cognition, and sexuality.[8][9][10][11][12] Differential socialization.[13][14] Since all behaviors are phenotypes—complex interactions of nature and nurture—researchers especially investigate how biology and environment interact to produce sex differences.[1][15][16][17] History[edit] In his 1859 book On the Origin of Species Charles Darwin hypothesized that sexually dimporhic traits were an evolved product of the process he termed sexual selection. In the distant future I see open fields for far more important researches. Genetics and epigenetics[edit] Brain structure and function[edit] Hormones[edit] Sexual behavior[edit]
Spinal cord Long, tubular central nervous system structure in the vertebral column The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue, which extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It encloses the central canal of the spinal cord, which contains cerebrospinal fluid. The spinal cord functions primarily in the transmission of nerve signals from the motor cortex to the body, and from the afferent fibers of the sensory neurons to the sensory cortex. Structure[edit] Part of human spinal cord. 1 – central canal; 2 – posterior median sulcus; 3 – gray matter; 4 – white matter; 5 – dorsal root + dorsal root ganglion; 6 – ventral root; 7 – fascicles; 8 – anterior spinal artery; 9 – arachnoid mater; 10 – dura mater Diagram of the spinal cord showing segments It is about 45 cm (18 in) long in men and about 43 cm (17 in) in women, ovoid-shaped, and is enlarged in the cervical and lumbar regions. Segments[edit] Development[edit]
Dopamine and the Diseased Brain | BenthamScience Abstract: Dysfunction of central dopaminergic neurotransmission has been implicated in a series of neuropsychiatric disorders, including Tourettes syndrome, schizophrenia, and drug and alcohol dependence. The behavioral and psychopathological manifestations of central dopaminergic dysfunction differ depending on the site of their neurobiological correlate. These sites may be found in the dorsal or ventral striatum, but also in cortical regions such as the limbic and prefrontal cortex, among other locations. A low basic dopamine turnover and an increase in the availability of dopamine D2 receptors in the caudate body have been associated with the severity of motor tics in Tourettes syndrome. Keywords: anhedonia, incentive salience, working memory, Tourette's syndrome, depression, alcohol, Schizophrenia Affiliation: Thorsten Kienast, Department ofPsychiatry and Psychotherapy, St.