Encephalization Encephalization is defined as the amount of brain mass related to an animal's total body mass. Quantifying an animal's encephalization has been argued to be directly related to that animal's level of intelligence. Aristotle wrote in 335 B.C. "Of all the animals, man has the brain largest in proportion to his size."[1] Also, in 1871, Charles Darwin wrote in his book The Descent of Man: "No one, I presume, doubts that the large proportion which the size of man's brain bears to his body, compared to the same proportion in the gorilla or orang, is closely connected with his mental powers More encephalized species tend to have longer spinal shock duration. Encephalization may also refer to the tendency for a species toward larger brains through evolutionary time. Encephalization quotient[edit] In Snell's equation of simple allometry[6] "E" is the weight of the brain, "C" is the cephalization factor and "S" is body weight and "r" is the exponential constant. Evolution of the EQ[edit]
Nervous system The nervous system is the part of an animal's body that coordinates its voluntary and involuntary actions and transmits signals between different parts of its body. Nervous tissue first arose in wormlike organisms about 550 to 600 million years ago. In most animal species it consists of two main parts, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord. The PNS consists mainly of nerves, which are enclosed bundles of the long fibers or axons, that connect the CNS to every other part of the body. The central nervous system functions to send signals from one cell to others, or from one part of the body to others and to receive feedback. Neuroscience is the field of science that focuses on the study of the nervous system. Structure All animals more advanced than sponges have nervous systems. Cells The nervous system contains two main categories or types of cells: neurons and glial cells. Neurons Glial cells Anatomy in vertebrates
Researchers Map Brain Regions Linked to Intelligence FRIDAY, April 13 (HealthDay News) -- The physical architecture of intelligence in the brain has been mapped by scientists who used brain injury patients to conduct their research. The findings provide new insight about the specific brain structures involved in general intelligence and specific skills such as memory and the ability to understand words. The study included 182 Vietnam War veterans who had highly localized brain damage caused by penetrating head wounds. [Read: Health Buzz: Dental X-Rays Linked to Brain Tumors.] "It's a significant challenge to find patients [for research] who have brain damage, and even further, it's very hard to find patients who have focal brain damage," study leader Aron Barbey, a professor of neuroscience at the University of Illinois, said in a university news release. Many people who've suffered brain damage from stroke or other causes have multiple impaired brain areas. [Read: Study Suggests Vaccine May Help Kids With Brain Cancer.] More information
Learnng Styles take your test. click here to take your learning styles test Information about learning styles and Multiple Intelligence (MI) is helpful for everyone especially for people with learning disabilities and Attention Deficit Disorder. Knowing your learning style will help you develop coping strategies to compensate for your weaknesses and capitalize on your strengths. For ease of use, the page has been divided into six categories: Learning Styles Explained Please Pick a topic: What are learning Styles? What are the types of learning styles? Visual Learners Auditory Learners Kinesthetic Learners What are learning styles? Learning styles are simply different approaches or ways of learning. What are the types of learning styles? Visual Learners: learn through seeing... . These learners need to see the teacher's body language and facial expression to fully understand the content of a lesson. Auditory Learners: learn through listening... Tactile/Kinesthetic Learners: learn through , moving, doing and touching... EditRegion5
Property dualism Category of positions in the philosophy of mind Property dualism: the exemplification of two kinds of property by one kind of substance Property dualism describes a category of positions in the philosophy of mind which hold that, although the world is composed of just one kind of substance—the physical kind—there exist two distinct kinds of properties: physical properties and mental properties. In other words, it is the view that non-physical, mental properties (such as thoughts, imagination and memories) exist in, or naturally supervene upon, certain physical substances (namely brains). Non-reductive physicalism[edit] Emergent materialism[edit] Emergentism is the idea that increasingly complex structures in the world give rise to the "emergence" of novel properties that are something over and above (i.e. cannot be reduced to) their more basic constituents (see Supervenience). Anomalous monism[edit] Biological naturalism[edit] Epiphenomenalism[edit] Epiphenomenal qualia[edit] Jackson continued:
Brain cost-efficiency linked to family genes Some brains are wired more efficiently than others, and new research has shown that 60% of the differences can be explained by genetic factors. Credit: iStockPhoto SYDNEY: How well our brain functions is largely based on our family’s genetic makeup, according to a new study which provides the first evidence of a genetic effect on how ‘cost-efficient’ our brain network wiring is. The study, led by Australian researchers, was published in The Journal of Neuroscience and could shed light on why some people are better able to perform certain tasks than others and the genetic basis of mental illnesses and neurological diseases. “Some brains are wired better than others, and 60% of the differences can be explained by genetic factors,” said lead author Alex Fornito from the Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre at the University of Melbourne. “The novelty is that we now have new methods to identify different aspects of brain network organisation. More bang for your buck
The Superego – Breaking Free Of A False God Breaking free of the superego is absolutely essential for all of us who want to align with wellbeing, joy, love and freedom. Do you know how much of your life force and freedom to move forward is being subconsciously squelched by an internalized "parent"? We can be fooled into thinking that this voice is coming from God / Creator, but it is actually a voice we've made into a false god. This inner voice usually instills fear in us as we venture out of our comfort zones, when we are guided to expand beyond our current view of “reality.” It can come up when you are simply moved to take care of yourself, or when you feel the desire to make more money, expand your horizons, or follow the life path of wellbeing your heart has been guiding you to follow. It is shocking to realize that we may be unconsciously held back by this false god – and the fear it uses to control us – more than any other thing! We need to bring awareness to this part of our psyche so that it isn’t running the show.
Forecasting Forecasting is the process of making statements about events whose actual outcomes (typically) have not yet been observed. A commonplace example might be estimation of some variable of interest at some specified future date. Prediction is a similar, but more general term. Both might refer to formal statistical methods employing time series, cross-sectional or longitudinal data, or alternatively to less formal judgmental methods. Usage can differ between areas of application: for example, in hydrology, the terms "forecast" and "forecasting" are sometimes reserved for estimates of values at certain specific future times, while the term "prediction" is used for more general estimates, such as the number of times floods will occur over a long period. Risk and uncertainty are central to forecasting and prediction; it is generally considered good practice to indicate the degree of uncertainty attaching to forecasts. Categories of forecasting methods[edit] Naïve approach[edit] e.g. See also
The Involvement of a Na - and Cl–-Dependent Transporter in the Brain Uptake †Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics and ‡Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia § Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States Department of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Open University, Milton Keyes, U.K. INSERM (U1016) Institut Cochin, Paris, France # CNRS (UMR8104), Paris, France Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France Mol. DOI: 10.1021/mp2004127 Publication Date (Web): February 21, 2012 Copyright © 2012 American Chemical Society *Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. Section: Abstract Despite their structural similarity, the two anti-influenza adamantane compounds amantadine (AMA) and rimantadine (RIM) exhibit strikingly different rates of blood–brain barrier (BBB) transport. Citing Articles
Psychology Theories - Key Theories in Psychology Much of what we know about human thought and behavior has emerged thanks to various psychology theories. For example, behavioral theories demonstrated how conditioning can be used to learn new information and behaviors. Psychology students typically spend a great deal of time studying these different theories. Behavioral Theories Behavioral psychology, also known as behaviorism, is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Cognitive Theories Cognitive theories of psychology are focused on internal states, such as motivation, problem solving, decision-making, thinking, and attention. Developmental Theories Theories of development provide a framework for thinking about human growth, development, and learning. Humanist Theories Humanistic psychology theories began to grow in popularity during the 1950s. Personality Theories Almost everyday we describe and assess the personalities of the people around us. Social Psychology Theories
Spinal cord Long, tubular central nervous system structure in the vertebral column The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue, which extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It encloses the central canal of the spinal cord, which contains cerebrospinal fluid. The spinal cord functions primarily in the transmission of nerve signals from the motor cortex to the body, and from the afferent fibers of the sensory neurons to the sensory cortex. Structure[edit] Part of human spinal cord. 1 – central canal; 2 – posterior median sulcus; 3 – gray matter; 4 – white matter; 5 – dorsal root + dorsal root ganglion; 6 – ventral root; 7 – fascicles; 8 – anterior spinal artery; 9 – arachnoid mater; 10 – dura mater Diagram of the spinal cord showing segments It is about 45 cm (18 in) long in men and about 43 cm (17 in) in women, ovoid-shaped, and is enlarged in the cervical and lumbar regions. Segments[edit] Development[edit]
Dopamine and the Diseased Brain | BenthamScience Abstract: Dysfunction of central dopaminergic neurotransmission has been implicated in a series of neuropsychiatric disorders, including Tourettes syndrome, schizophrenia, and drug and alcohol dependence. The behavioral and psychopathological manifestations of central dopaminergic dysfunction differ depending on the site of their neurobiological correlate. These sites may be found in the dorsal or ventral striatum, but also in cortical regions such as the limbic and prefrontal cortex, among other locations. A low basic dopamine turnover and an increase in the availability of dopamine D2 receptors in the caudate body have been associated with the severity of motor tics in Tourettes syndrome. Keywords: anhedonia, incentive salience, working memory, Tourette's syndrome, depression, alcohol, Schizophrenia Affiliation: Thorsten Kienast, Department ofPsychiatry and Psychotherapy, St.