SQL SQL (/ˈɛs kjuː ˈɛl/,[4] or /ˈsiːkwəl/; Structured Query Language[5][6][7][8]) is a special-purpose programming language designed for managing data held in a relational database management system (RDBMS). Originally based upon relational algebra and tuple relational calculus, SQL consists of a data definition language and a data manipulation language. The scope of SQL includes data insert, query, update and delete, schema creation and modification, and data access control. Although SQL is often described as, and to a great extent is, a declarative language (4GL), it also includes procedural elements. SQL was one of the first commercial languages for Edgar F. SQL became a standard of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in 1986, and of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1987.[12] Since then, the standard has been enhanced several times with added features. History[edit] SQL was initially developed at IBM by Donald D. Syntax[edit] Language elements[edit]
Structured Query Language Structured Query Language (SQL) is a widely-used programming language for working with relational databases. SQL is generally pronounced as the three letters in the name, e.g. ess-cue-ell, or in some people's usage, as the word sequel. This Wikibook provides a short description of SQL, its origins, basic concepts and components, and numerous examples. The book follows the specifications of the SQL:2011 standard, which is developed by a common committee of ISO and IEC. Their publications are not freely available. However, a working draft of SQL:2008 can be downloaded from Whitemarsh Information Systems Corporation and used for further assistance. For a thorough look at special SQL implementations, see MySQL or Oracle Programming/SQL Cheatsheet. Introduction The Snippets Corner SELECT code FROM examples WHERE topic = ... Appendices
Java Programming About the project of this book... This book is an introduction to programming in Oracle’s Java™ programming language, a widely used programming language and software platform. This book serves as a comprehensive guide, complete with a series of tutorials to help users better understand the many ways one can program in Java. In its entirety, this book is meant to be both an introductory guide and a useful reference on Java and related technologies. As is the nature of this book, the content within the book is continuously being updated and revised. If you are not familiar with Object Oriented Programming, you should first read the book Object Oriented Programming. Preface Getting started Language fundamentals Classes and objects Collections Exceptions Concurrent Programming Annotations Designing user interfaces Advanced topics Appendices
Java Programming Overview. Our goal in this chapter is to convince you that writing a computer program is easier than writing a piece of text such as a paragraph or an essay. Java programs in this chapter. Below is a list of Java programs in this chapter. Exercises. Copyright © 2002–2012 and .
Java (programming language) Duke, the Java mascot Sun Microsystems released the first public implementation as Java 1.0 in 1995.[1] It promised "Write Once, Run Anywhere" (WORA), providing no-cost run-times on popular platforms. Fairly secure and featuring configurable security, it allowed network- and file-access restrictions. Major web browsers soon incorporated the ability to run Java applets within web pages, and Java quickly became popular. With the advent of Java 2 (released initially as J2SE 1.2 in December 1998 – 1999), new versions had multiple configurations built for different types of platforms. For example, J2EE targeted enterprise applications and the greatly stripped-down version J2ME for mobile applications (Mobile Java). On November 13, 2006, Sun released much of Java as free and open source software, (FOSS), under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL). There were five primary goals in the creation of the Java language:[23] Major release versions of Java, along with their release dates:
Learn about Java Technology Java is the foundation for virtually every type of networked application and is the global standard for developing and delivering embedded and mobile applications, games, Web-based content, and enterprise software. With more than 9 million developers worldwide, Java enables you to efficiently develop, deploy and use exciting applications and services. From laptops to datacenters, game consoles to scientific supercomputers, cell phones to the Internet, Java is everywhere! 97% of Enterprise Desktops Run Java89% of Desktops (or Computers) in the U.S. Why Software Developers Choose Java Java has been tested, refined, extended, and proven by a dedicated community of Java developers, architects and enthusiasts. Some Ways Software Developers Learn Java Many colleges and universities offer courses in programming for the Java platform. Young Developers Learn Java Young people are learning programming languages from the earliest ages and up. What Is JavaFX JavaFX is powered by Java. Back to top
HTML Tutorial HTML HTML or HyperText Markup Language is the standard markup language used to create web pages. HTML is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of tags enclosed in angle brackets (like <html>). HTML tags most commonly come in pairs like <h1>and </h1>, although some tags represent empty elements and so are unpaired, for example <img>. The first tag in a pair is the start tag, and the second tag is the end tag (they are also called opening tags and closing tags). The purpose of a web browser is to read HTML documents and compose them into visible or audible web pages. Web browsers can also refer to Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) to define the look and layout of text and other material. History[edit] The historic logo made by the W3C Development[edit] In 1980, physicist Tim Berners-Lee, who was a contractor at CERN, proposed and prototyped ENQUIRE, a system for CERN researchers to use and share documents. Further development under the auspices of the IETF was stalled by competing interests.
JavaScript JavaScript is classified as a prototype-based scripting language with dynamic typing and first-class functions. This mix of features makes it a multi-paradigm language, supporting object-oriented,[6] imperative, and functional[1][7] programming styles. JavaScript has been standardized in the ECMAScript language specification. History[edit] Beginnings at Netscape[edit] JavaScript was originally developed by Brendan Eich, while working for Netscape Communications Corporation. Although it was developed under the name Mocha, the language was officially called LiveScript when it first shipped in beta releases of Netscape Navigator 2.0 in September 1995, but it was renamed JavaScript[10] when it was deployed in the Netscape browser version 2.0B3.[11] The change of name from LiveScript to JavaScript roughly coincided with Netscape adding support for Java technology in its Netscape Navigator web browser. Server-side JavaScript[edit] Adoption by Microsoft[edit] Standardization[edit] Trademark[edit]
JavaScript: The World's Most Misunderstood Programming Language Douglas Crockford www.crockford.com JavaScript, aka Mocha, aka LiveScript, aka JScript, aka ECMAScript, is one of the world's most popular programming languages. Virtually every personal computer in the world has at least one JavaScript interpreter installed on it and in active use. JavaScript's popularity is due entirely to its role as the scripting language of the WWW. Despite its popularity, few know that JavaScript is a very nice dynamic object-oriented general-purpose programming language. The Name The Java- prefix suggests that JavaScript is somehow related to Java, that it is a subset or less capable version of Java. JavaScript has a syntactic similarity to Java, much as Java has to C. JavaScript was not developed at Sun Microsystems, the home of Java. The -Script suffix suggests that it is not a real programming language, that a scripting language is less than a programming language. Lisp in C's Clothing Typecasting JavaScript was designed to run in Netscape Navigator. Moving Target