A Glossary of European Noble, Princely, Royal and Imperial Titles Outline. 1. Introduction. 2. Sovereigns and Sovereignty. 3. 5.1 Kings and Queens. 5.2 Other Ruling Titles. 5.3 The Pope. 6. 8.1. 9. 9.1. 1. 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. 1.5 Version History. 1.6. 1.7. 1.8. 1.9. 2. "Sovereign" (in the European sense) is a technical term, both noun and adjective. Luxembourg is headed by a grand duke; Liechtenstein and Monaco are headed by princes. Before the unifications of Germany and Italy, there were a welter of sovereign or essentially sovereign states ruled by variously-titled sovereigns -- electors (in German, "Kurfürst"), margraves, etc. 3. Romans recognized three orders: patricians, equestrians and plebeians, and earlier, before the foundation of the republic, a fourth: royalty. These notions of the Romans apply to present-day parlance. In essence, the nobility were the landowners. A distinction needs to be made between "nobility" and "peerage". 4. Dr. 5. 5.2. 6.
Heroes of History - The Heroic Monomyth As of July 1, 2013 ThinkQuest has been discontinued. We would like to thank everyone for being a part of the ThinkQuest global community: Students - For your limitless creativity and innovation, which inspires us all. Teachers - For your passion in guiding students on their quest. Partners - For your unwavering support and evangelism. Parents - For supporting the use of technology not only as an instrument of learning, but as a means of creating knowledge. We encourage everyone to continue to “Think, Create and Collaborate,” unleashing the power of technology to teach, share, and inspire. Best wishes, The Oracle Education Foundation
Royal and noble ranks Traditional rank amongst European royalty, peers, and nobility is rooted in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Although they vary over time and between geographic regions (for example, one region's prince might be equal to another's grand duke), the following is a reasonably comprehensive list that provides information on both general ranks and specific differences. Ranks and titles[edit] Sovereign[edit] Main articles: Monarch and Sovereign Common titles for European and Near Eastern monarchs Note that many titles listed may also be used by lesser nobles – non-sovereigns – depending on the historical period and state. Imperial titles High royal titles King of Kings mostly used in Christian contexts to denote Jesus Christ or the Christian Roman emperors of the Late Empire and Byzantine periods. Royal titles Princely, ducal, and other sovereign titles Religious titles Other sovereigns, royals, peerage, and major nobility[edit] Titles Minor nobility, gentry, and other aristocracy[edit] See also[edit]
Psilocybin can occasion mystical-t... [Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2006 What is the royal Hierarchy? King/Queen Regnant Queen/Prince Consort(spouses to the sovereign) Prince/Princess who are the heir apparent or heir presumptive to the throne Prince/Princess All of the above may bear a ROYAL version or versions of these peerage titles: Duke/Duchess,Marquess/Marchioness, Earl/Countess, Viscount/Viscountess,Baron/Baroness For example,Charles,Prince of Wales is also Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick and Baron Renfrew, Lord of the Isles, and Prince and Great Steward of Scotland. Royal Dukes,et cetera,are all higher in precedence than the non-royal peerage. Non-royal peerage members are: Duke/Duchess Marquess/Marchioness Earl/Countess Viscount/Viscountess Baron/Baroness Non-peerage: Baronet/Baronetess Knight/Dame These are all of the UK titles.There is a site that lists and provides histories of all European Titles at that gives a little history as well
The Mystery Casebook - Cryptids, Bigfoot, Loch Ness Monster, Chupacabra, Sea Monsters, Aliens, UFO News, Mysterious Places, Photos, Video 10 Classic Literature Terms That Are No Longer Used (For the Most Part) Reading a book from the 18th or 19th century is kind of like reading a handwritten, entirely cursive note from your grandmother in that, unless you have experience with such material, you will only understand 60% of the language used. Considering that it’s physically impossible for me to make it through any old book without an online dictionary open on my computer screen, I think it’s safe to say that there are some words used in classic literature that are not entirely common or have fallen out of use completely. For your convenience, I’ve compiled a list of some of the more obscure classic lit terms (or ones that are used less frequently today) because I feel selfish enjoying them all by myself: Mackintosh/Macintosh (n.): waterproof raincoat Can you believe Mac computers were invented in 1824? I guess Steve Jobs was older than we all thought… I’m kidding, of course. Pusillanimity (n.): cowardliness Belly Timber (n.): food Wiseacres (n.): a know-it-all Habiliments (n.): clothing
Earliest Mayan Astronomical Calendar Unearthed in Guatemala Ruins Published: 11:19 AM - 05-11-12 A HEAVENLY FIND: Faded bar-and-dot numerals on the wall of a structure in Guatemala, enhanced here by an overlaid illustration of the markings, were recently discovered by archaeologist William Saturno and his colleagues. The numbers relate to various astronomical phenomena, although their exact meaning is not yet known. An excavation of an archaeological site in Guatemala has uncovered Mayan astronomical records dating to the ninth century A.D. Archaeologists stumbled onto the astronomical tables, inscribed on the walls of a small building, while excavating part of the Xultun ruins, a large, heavily looted archaeological site in northern Guatemala, near its borders with Mexico and Belize. The presence of lunar glyphs in one of the numerical tables raised the possibility that the table related to astronomy. The Maya clustered lunar months into sixes, making lunar "semesters" lasting 177 or 178 days. Intriguingly, the tables also hint at planetary motions.
The Thirty-Six Dramatic Situations The Thirty-Six Dramatic Situations is a descriptive list which was created by Georges Polti to categorize every dramatic situation that might occur in a story or performance. To do this Polti analyzed classical Greek texts, plus classical and contemporaneous French works. He also analyzed a handful of non-French authors. In his introduction, Polti claims to be continuing the work of Carlo Gozzi, who also identified 36 situations. Publication history[edit] “Gozzi maintained that there can be but thirty-six tragic situations. This list was published in a book of the same name, which contains extended explanations and examples. The list is popularized as an aid for writers, but it is also used by dramatists, storytellers and many others. The 36 situations[edit] Each situation is stated, then followed by the necessary elements for each situation and a brief description. See also[edit] References[edit] External links[edit]