LES BANTU Je vous propose une reconstruction faite par D.W Phillipson, qui semble être approuvé par nombre d'auteurs (il a utilisé à la fois l'archéologie, la linguistique, les traditions orales, les données ethnographiques et les documents écrits) : Phase I: aux environs de 1000 BC Développement initial de la langue bantu, au Cameroun, au sein d'une population qui utilisait encore des outils lithiques mais qui, à une date relativement ancienne, avait déjà domestiqué les chèvres et peut-être inventé quelque forme d'agriculturePhase 2a: 1000-400 BC Quelques uns de ces bantuphones se dispersèrent vers l'est, le long des franges septentrionales de la forêt équatoriale. Phase 2b: 1000-200 BC Une autre population parlant les langues bantu émigra vers le sud, du Cameroun au sud du Bas-Congo. Phase 3: 400-300 BCLes peuples bantuphones orientaux (2a), ceux qui s'étaient glissés vers l'est en partant du Cameroun, vont créer une culture de l'Age du fer ancien dans la région interlacustre. Phase 4: 300-100 BC
History of Iran - Wikipedia Historical aspects of Persia The history of Iran, which was commonly known until the mid-20th century as Persia in the Western world, is intertwined with the history of a larger region, also to an extent known as Greater Iran, comprising the area from Anatolia in the west to the borders of Ancient India and the Syr Darya in the east, and from the Caucasus and the Eurasian Steppe in the north to the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman in the south. Iran is home to one of the world's oldest continuous major civilizations, with historical and urban settlements dating back to 7000 BC.[1] The south-western and western part of the Iranian Plateau participated in the traditional Ancient Near East with Elam, from the Early Bronze Age, and later with various other peoples, such as the Kassites, Mannaeans, and Gutians. The Iranian Empire proper begins in the Iron Age, following the influx of Iranian peoples. Prehistory[edit] Paleolithic[edit] Neolithic to Chalcolithic[edit] Bronze Age[edit] General
Black African Moors of The Great Senegal Empire Pt 1– by Jide Uwechia – Rasta Livewire A True Moor “Zenaga/Sanhaja tribe: Berber tribe of southern Morocco, Mauritania and Senegal who gave their name to modern Senegal, their original homeland. They formed one of the sub-saharan tribes of Berbers which, uniting under the leadership of Yusef bin Tashfin, crossed the Sahara and gave a dynasty to Morocco and Spain, namely, that of the Almoravides. The Zeirid dynasty which supplanted the Fatimites in the Maghrib built the city of Algiers was also of Zenaga origin . Zenaga: dialect of Berber spoken in southern Morocco and on the banks of the lower Senegal, largely by the negro population.” African Moors: The Sanhajalese Empire – by Jide Uwechia Sanhaja is the name of a group of Africans who live on the Saharan fringes of the present day Senegal. Reference is made to their phenotype so that it is immediately obvious that we are re-visiting the great history of an unambiguously so-black nation in West Africa.
Nubia - Wikipedia The name Nubia is derived from that of the Noba people, nomads who settled the area in the 4th century following the collapse of the kingdom of Meroë. The Noba spoke a Nilo-Saharan language, ancestral to Old Nubian. Old Nubian was mostly used in religious texts dating from the 8th and 15th centuries AD. Before the 4th century, and throughout classical antiquity, Nubia was known as Kush, or, in Classical Greek usage, included under the name Ethiopia (Aithiopia). Historically, the people of Nubia spoke at least two varieties of the Nubian language group, a subfamily that includes Nobiin (the descendant of Old Nubian), Kenuzi-Dongola, Midob and several related varieties in the northern part of the Nuba Mountains in South Kordofan. Geography[edit] Nubia was divided into two major regions: Upper and Lower Nubia, so called because of their location in the Nile river valley, the 'lower' being further downstream than the 'upper'. History[edit] Prehistory[edit] Nubia and Ancient Egypt[edit]
Ancient African Writing Ancient African Writing Ancient Africa has the world's oldest and largest collection of ancient writing systems. Evidence of such dates to pre-historic time, and can be found in various regions of the continent. By contrast, continental Europe's oldest writing, Greek, was not fully in use until c. 1400 BC (a clay tablet found in Iklaina, Greece) and is largely derived from an older African script called Proto-Sinaitic. The oldest Asian writing, Proto-Cuneiform, dates to around 3000 BC (clay texts found at Jemdet Nasr). However, the oldest known African writing systems are several centuries older. Proto Saharan (5000 - 3000 BC) Perhaps the world's oldest known from of writing are inscriptions of what some archaeologists and linguists have termed, "Proto Saharan" near the Kharga oasis west of so-called "Nubia" that date to at least 5,000 BC. Nsbidi (5000 BC - present) Nsibidi is an ancient script used to communicate in various languages in West Central Africa. "Thinite" (3200-2700 BC)
Ancient Hawaii - Wikipedia Ancient Hawaiʻi is the period of Hawaiian human history preceding the unification in 1810 of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi by Kamehameha the Great. Researchers had based their estimates of first settlement by Polynesian long-distance navigators sometime between 300 and 800. In 2010, a study was published based on radiocarbon dating of more reliable samples and it suggests that the islands were settled much later, within a short timeframe, in c. 1219–1266.[1] The islands in Eastern Polynesia have been characterized by the continuities among their cultures, and the short migration period would be an explanation of this result. Diversified agroforestry and aquaculture provided sustenance for Native Hawaiian cuisine. Voyage to the Hawaiian islands[edit] Priests traveling across Kealakekua Bay for first contact rituals. Some writers believe that there were other settlers in Hawaiʻi, peoples who were forced back into remote valleys by newer arrivals. Settlement[edit] Village[edit] Caste system[edit]
Songhai Empire - Wikipedia Empire in western Africa from c. 1430 to 1591 The Songhai Empire (also transliterated as Songhay) was a state that dominated the western Sahel/Sudan in the 15th and 16th century. At its peak, it was one of the largest states in African history. The state is known by its historiographical name, derived from its leading ethnic group and ruling elite, the Songhai. During the second half of the 13th century, Gao and the surrounding region had grown into an important trading center and attracted the interest of the expanding Mali Empire. Under the rule of Sonni Ali, the Songhai surpassed the Malian Empire in area, wealth, and power, absorbing vast areas of the Mali Empire and reached its greatest extent. A series of plots and coups by Askia's successors forced the empire into a period of decline and instability. History[edit] Pre-imperial Songhai[edit] The other group of people known to have inhabited the area were the Do people. Royal[edit] Pre-imperial kingdom[edit] Imperial Songhai[edit]
History of Mali - Wikipedia The history of the territory of modern Mali may be divided into Pre-Imperial Mali, before the 13th centurythe history of the eponymous Mali Empire and of the Songhai Empire during the 13th to 16th centuries Mali's history is dominated by its role in trans-Saharan trade, connecting West Africa and the Maghreb. The Mali Empire became Islamic in the early 14th century, under Musa I of Mali. The Mali Empire began to weaken in the 15th century, but it remained dominant for much of the 15th. Songhai Empire[edit] The Mali Empire began to weaken by the mid 14th century. After the empires (1591–1892)[edit] The Songhay empire eventually collapsed under the pressure from the Moroccan Saadi dynasty. After the collapse of the Songhai Empire, no single state controlled the region. Bambara Empire or Kingdom of Segou[edit] Places which were under the control of the Bambara Empire Kingdom of Kaarta[edit] Kenedougou Kingdom[edit] Maasina[edit] Toucouleur Empire[edit] Wassoulou Empire[edit] One-party rule[edit]
Precolonial Mauritania - Wikipedia Mountains in the Adrar region; desert scenes continue to define the Mauritanian landscape since classical times Precolonial Mauritania, lying next to the Atlantic coast at the western edge of the Sahara Desert, received and assimilated into its complex society many waves of Saharan migrants and conquerors. Plinius wrote that the area north of the river Senegal was populated, during Augustus times, by the Pharusii and Perorsi [1] Berbers moved south to Mauritania beginning in the 3rd century, followed by Arabs in the 8th century, subjugating and assimilating Mauritania's original inhabitants. Islamization took place only gradually, much later than in the Sahel, over the course of the 12th to the 17th centuries by the expansion of the Beni Hassan. From the 15th century, there was also limited European trading activity, mostly in gum arabic. Characteristics[edit] In the year 41 AD Suetonius Paullinus, afterwards Consul, was the first of the Romans who led an army across Mount Atlas.
History of Mauritania - Wikipedia The original inhabitants of Mauritania were the Bafour, presumably a Mande ethnic group, connected to the contemporary Arabized minor social group of Imraguen ("fishermen") on the Atlantic coast. The territory of Mauritania was on the fringe of geographical knowledge of Libya in classical antiquity. Berber immigration took place from about the 3rd century. Mauritania takes its name from the ancient Berber kingdom and later Roman province of Mauretania, and thus ultimately from the Mauri people, even though the respective territories do not overlap, historical Mauritania being considerably further north than modern Mauritania. The Muslim conquest of the Maghreb in the 7th and 8th centuries did not reach as far south, and Islam came to Mauritania only gradually, from about the 11th century, in the context of the wider Islamization of the Sudan and medieval Arab slave trade. The European colonial powers of the 19th century had little interest in Mauritania. Early history[edit] See also[edit]
History of Morocco - Wikipedia The history of Morocco spans several millennia, succeeding the prehistoric cultures of Jebel Irhoud and Taforalt. It dates from the establishment of Mauretania and other ancient Berber kingdoms, to the formation of the Almoravid dynasty, Idrisid dynasty and other Islamic polities, through to the colonial and independence periods.[1] Archaeological evidence has shown that the area was inhabited by hominids at least 400,000 years ago.[2] The recorded history of Morocco begins with the Phoenician colonization of the Moroccan coast between the 8th and 6th centuries BC,[3] although the area was inhabited by indigenous Berbers for some two thousand years before that. The region was conquered by the Muslims in the early 8th century AD, but broke away from the Umayyad Caliphate after the Berber Revolt of 740. In 1912, after the First Moroccan Crisis and the Agadir Crisis, the Treaty of Fez was signed, dividing Morocco into French and Spanish protectorates. Prehistoric Morocco[edit] Notes[edit]