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Albert Camus

Albert Camus
Albert Camus (French: [albɛʁ kamy] ( Camus did not consider himself to be an existentialist despite usually being classified as one, even during his own lifetime.[1] In an interview in 1945, Camus rejected any ideological associations: "No, I am not an existentialist. Sartre and I are always surprised to see our names linked...".[2] Camus was born in French Algeria to a Pied-Noir family, and studied at the University of Algiers. Camus was awarded the 1957 Nobel Prize for Literature "for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times".[5] Early years[edit] Camus joined the French Communist Party in the spring of 1935, seeing it as a way to "fight inequalities between Europeans and 'natives' in Algeria." Marriages[edit] In 1934, Camus married Simone Hié, but the marriage ended as a consequence of infidelities on both sides. [edit] Revolutionary Union Movement and Europe[edit] Death[edit] Literary career[edit]

Miguel de Cervantes Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra[b] (Spanish: [miˈɣel de θerˈβantes saaˈβeðɾa]; 29 September 1547 (assumed) – 22 April 1616)[1] was a Spanish novelist, poet, and playwright. His magnum opus, Don Quixote, considered to be the first modern European novel,[2] is a classic of Western literature, and is regarded amongst the best works of fiction ever written.[3] His influence on the Spanish language has been so great that the language is often called la lengua de Cervantes ("the language of Cervantes").[4] He was dubbed El Príncipe de los Ingenios ("The Prince of Wits").[5] In 1569, Cervantes moved to Rome where he worked as chamber assistant of a wealthy priest. Cervantes then enlisted as a soldier in a Spanish Navy infantry regiment and continued his military life until 1575, when he was captured by Algerian corsairs. After 5 years of slavery he was released on ransom from his captors by his parents and the Trinitarians, a Catholic religious order. Birth and early life[edit] Death[edit]

Fallibilism Fallibilism (from medieval Latin fallibilis, "liable to err") is the philosophical principle that human beings could be wrong about their beliefs, expectations, or their understanding of the world, and yet still be justified in holding their incorrect beliefs. In the most commonly used sense of the term, this consists in being open to new evidence that would disprove some previously held position or belief, and in the recognition that "any claim justified today may need to be revised or withdrawn in light of new evidence, new arguments, and new experiences."[1] This position is taken for granted in the natural sciences.[2] In another sense, it refers to the consciousness of "the degree to which our interpretations, valuations, our practices, and traditions are temporally indexed" and subject to (possibly arbitrary) historical flux and change. Some fallibilists argue that absolute certainty about knowledge is impossible. Moral fallibilism[edit] Criticism[edit] See also[edit] References[edit]

E. F. Schumacher Ernst Friedrich "Fritz" Schumacher (16 August 1911 – 4 September 1977) was an internationally influential economic thinker, statistician and economist in Britain, serving as Chief Economic Advisor to the UK National Coal Board for two decades.[1] His ideas became popularized in much of the English-speaking world during the 1970s. He is best known for his critique of Western economies and his proposals for human-scale, decentralized and appropriate technologies. According to The Times Literary Supplement, his 1973 book Small Is Beautiful: a study of economics as if people mattered is among the 100 most influential books published since World War II,[2] and was soon translated into many languages, bringing him international fame. Schumacher's basic development theories have been summed up in the catch-phrases Intermediate Size and Intermediate Technology. Early life[edit] Schumacher was born in Bonn, Germany in 1911. Economist[edit] Protégé of Keynes[edit] Adviser to the Coal Board[edit]

Ernest Hemingway Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American author and journalist. His economical and understated style had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction, while his life of adventure and his public image influenced later generations. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. He published seven novels, six short story collections, and two non-fiction works. Additional works, including three novels, four short story collections, and three non-fiction works, were published posthumously. Many of his works are considered classics of American literature. In 1921, he married Hadley Richardson, the first of his four wives. Shortly after the publication of The Old Man and the Sea (1952), Hemingway went on safari to Africa, where he was almost killed in two successive plane crashes that left him in pain or ill health for much of his remaining life. Life Early life World War I Toronto and Chicago

Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers (Greek: Βίοι καὶ γνῶμαι τῶν ἐν φιλοσοφίᾳ εὐδοκιμησάντων) is a biography of the Greek philosophers by Diogenes Laërtius, written in Greek, perhaps in the first half of the third century AD. Overview[edit] The Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers, was written in Greek and professes to give an account of the lives and sayings of the Greek philosophers. Organization of the work[edit] His chief authorities were Favorinus and Diocles of Magnesia, but his work also draws (either directly or indirectly) on books by Antisthenes of Rhodes, Alexander Polyhistor, and Demetrius of Magnesia, as well as works by Hippobotus, Aristippus, Panaetius, Apollodorus of Athens, Sosicrates, Satyrus, Sotion, Neanthes, Hermippus, Antigonus, Heraclides, Hieronymus, and Pamphila[6][7] Manuscript editions[edit] There seem to have been some early Latin translations, which have no longer survived. Printed editions[edit] Title page of an edition in Greek and Latin, 1594

James Baldwin James Arthur Baldwin (August 2, 1924 – December 1, 1987) was an American novelist, essayist, playwright, poet, and social critic. Baldwin's essays, as collected in Notes of a Native Son (1955), explore palpable yet unspoken intricacies of racial, sexual, and class distinctions in Western societies, most notably in mid-20th-century America, and their inevitable if unnameable tensions.[1] Some Baldwin essays are book-length, for instance The Fire Next Time (1963), No Name in the Street (1972), and The Devil Finds Work (1976). Early life[edit] When Baldwin was an infant, his mother, Emma Berdis Jones, divorced his father amid his drug abuse and moved to the Harlem section of Manhattan in New York City. There, she married a preacher, David Baldwin. The family was very poor. James spent much time caring for his several younger brothers and sisters. His stepfather died of tuberculosis in summer of 1943 soon before James turned 19. Schooling[edit] Religion[edit] Greenwich Village[edit]

Luis Fernando Verissimo Origem: Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre. Luis Fernando Verissimo (Porto Alegre, 26 de setembro de 1936) é um escritor brasileiro. Mais conhecido por suas crônicas e textos de humor, mais precisamente de sátiras de costumes, publicados diariamente em vários jornais brasileiros, Verissimo é também cartunista e tradutor, além de roteirista de televisão, autor de teatro e romancista bissexto. Biografia[editar | editar código-fonte] Formação[editar | editar código-fonte] Nascido em Porto Alegre, Luis Fernando viveu parte de sua infância e adolescência nos Estados Unidos, com a família, em função de compromissos profissionais assumidos por seu pai - professor na Universidade de Berkeley (1943-1945) e diretor cultural da União Pan-americana em Washington (1953-1956). Aos 14 anos produziu, com a irmã Clarissa e um primo, um jornal periódico com notícias da família, que era pendurado no banheiro de casa e se chamava "O Patentino" (patente é como é conhecida a privada no Rio Grande do Sul).

Epicuro Busto de Epícuro. Museo de Pérgamo. Epicuro (griego: Επίκουρος; Samos, aproximadamente 341 a. C. - Atenas, 270 a. Aunque la mayor parte de su obra se ha perdido, conocemos bien sus enseñanzas a través de la obra De rerum natura del poeta latino Lucrecio (un homenaje a Epicuro y una exposición amplia de sus ideas), así como a través de algunas cartas y fragmentos rescatados. Biografía[editar] Obras[editar] A su muerte, dejó más de 300 manuscritos, incluyendo 37 tratados sobre física y numerosas obras sobre el amor, la justicia, los dioses y otros temas, según refiere Diógenes Laercio en el siglo III. De todo ello, sólo se han conservado tres cartas y cuarenta máximas (las llamadas Máximas capitales), transcritas por Diógenes Laercio, y algunos fragmentos breves citados por otros autores. Las cartas son las siguientes: Las máximas son de contenido fundamentalmente ético y gnoseológico.[3] Filosofía[editar] Canónica[editar] Física[editar] Ética[editar] Los cuatro miedos[editar] Véase también[editar]

Will Eisner William Erwin "Will" Eisner (March 6, 1917 – January 3, 2005) was an American cartoonist, writer, and entrepreneur. He was one of the earliest cartoonists to work in the American comic book industry, and his series The Spirit (1940–1952) was noted for its experiments in content and form. In 1978, he popularized the term "graphic novel" with the publication of his book A Contract with God. Biography[edit] Family background[edit] Eisner's father Shmuel "Samuel" Eisner was born March 6, 1886, in Kollmei, Austria-Hungary, and was one of eleven children. Eisner's mother, Fannie Ingber, was born to Jewish parents from Romania April 25, 1891, on a ship bound for the US. Family introduced Shmul and Fannie, who were distant relatives. Early life[edit] Wow, What a Magazine! Eisner was born in Brooklyn, New York City. Young Eisner was tall and of sturdy build, but lacked athletic skills. Eisner attended DeWitt Clinton High School. Eisner & Iger[edit] The Spirit[edit] World War II and Joe Dope[edit]

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