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Biomechanics

Biomechanics
Page of one of the first works of Biomechanics (De Motu Animalium of Giovanni Alfonso Borelli) Word history[edit] The word "biomechanics" (1899) and the related "biomechanical" (1856) were coined by Nikolai Bernstein[citation needed] from the Ancient Greek βίος bios "life" and μηχανική, mēchanikē "mechanics", to refer to the study of the mechanical principles of living organisms, particularly their movement and structure.[3] Method[edit] Usually biological systems are much more complex than man-built systems. Subfields[edit] Applied subfields of biomechanics include: Sports biomechanics[edit] In sports biomechanics, the laws of mechanics are applied to human movement in order to gain a greater understanding of athletic performance and to reduce sport injuries as well. Biomechanics in sports, can be stated as the muscular, joint and skeletal actions of the body during the execution of a given task, skill and/or technique. Continuum biomechanics[edit] Biofluid mechanics[edit] Biotribology[edit]

Physical medicine and rehabilitation Branch of medicine Physical medicine and rehabilitation, also known as physiatry and physiatrics (but this can also refer to physiotherapy),[1][2] is a branch of medicine that aims to enhance and restore functional ability and quality of life to those with physical impairments or disabilities. A physician having completed training in this field may be referred to as a physiatrist. Physiatrists specialize in restoring optimal function to people with injuries to the muscles, bones, ligaments, or nervous system.[3] Scope of the field In the hospital setting, physiatrists commonly treat patients who have had an amputation, spinal cord injury, stroke, traumatic brain injury, and other debilitating injuries. History During the first half of the 20th century, two unofficial specialties, physical medicine and rehabilitation medicine, developed separately, but in practice both treated similar patient populations consisting of those with disabling injuries. Treatment Training Subspecialties See also

Physiology Science regarding function of organisms or living systems The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for exceptional scientific achievements in physiology related to the field of medicine. Foundations[edit] Because physiology focuses on the functions and mechanisms of living organisms at all levels, from the molecular and cellular level to the level of whole organisms and populations, its foundations span a range of key disciplines: Anatomy is the study of the structure and organization of living organisms, from the microscopic level of cells and tissues to the macroscopic level of organs and systems. Subdisciplines[edit] There are many ways to categorize the subdisciplines of physiology:[6] Subdisciplines by level of organisation[edit] Cell physiology[edit] Subdisciplines by taxa[edit] Plant physiology[edit] Plant physiology is a subdiscipline of botany concerned with the functioning of plants. Animal physiology[edit] Human physiology[edit]

Performance improvement In organizational development, performance improvement is organizational change in which the managers and governing body of an organization put into place and manage a program which measures the current level of performance of the organization and then generates ideas for modifying organizational behavior and infrastructure which are put into place to achieve higher output. Performance improvement can be applied to either individual performance such as an athlete or organizational performance such as a racing team or a commercial business. Performance improvement at the operational or individual employee level usually involves processes such as statistical quality control. At the organizational level, performance improvement usually involves softer forms of measurement such as customer satisfaction surveys which are used to obtain qualitative information about performance from the viewpoint of customers. Performance is a measure of the results achieved. Corporate or commercial[edit]

Economic efficiency In microeconomics, economic efficiency is, roughly speaking, a situation in which nothing can be improved without something else being hurt. Depending on the context, it is usually one of the following two related concepts: Strands of thought[edit] There are two main standards of thought on economic efficiency, which respectively emphasize the distortions created by governments (and reduced by decreasing government involvement) and the distortions created by markets (and reduced by increasing government involvement). Further, there are differences in views on microeconomic versus macroeconomic efficiency, some advocating a greater role for government in one sphere or the other. Allocative and productive efficiency[edit] A market can be said to have allocative efficiency if the price of a product that the market is supplying is equal to the marginal value consumers place on it, and equals marginal cost. Mainstream views[edit] Schools of thought[edit] Microeconomic reform[edit] Criteria[edit]

Organizational culture Encompasses values and behaviours that contribute to the unique social and psychological environment of an organization Schein (1992), Deal and Kennedy (2000), and Kotter (1992) advanced the idea that organizations often have very differing cultures as well as subcultures.[5][6][7] Although a company may have its "own unique culture," in larger organizations there are sometimes co-existing or conflicting subcultures because each subculture is linked to a different management team.[8] Flamholtz and Randle (2011) suggest that one can view organizational culture as "corporate personality."[9][10] They define it as it consisting of the values, beliefs, and norms which influence the behavior of people as members of an organization.[11] Origins[edit] The term of culture in the organizational context was first introduced by Dr. According to Dr. Elaborating on the work in The Changing Culture of a Factory Dr. Usage[edit] Business executive Bernard L. Typology of cultural types[edit] Healthy[edit]

Kinesiology Study of human body movement Kinesiology (from Ancient Greek κίνησις (kínēsis) 'movement', and -λογία -logía 'study of') is the scientific study of human body movement. Kinesiology addresses physiological, anatomical, biomechanical, pathological, neuropsychological principles and mechanisms of movement. Basics[edit] Kinesiology studies the science of human movement, performance, and function by applying the fundamental sciences of Cell Biology, Molecular Biology, Chemistry, Biochemistry, Biophysics, Biomechanics, Biomathematics, Biostatistics, Anatomy, Physiology, Exercise Physiology, Pathophysiology, Neuroscience, and Nutritional science. The term "kinesiologist" is not a licensed nor professional designation in many countries, with the notable exception of Canada. Principles[edit] Adaptation through exercise[edit] Adaptation through exercise is a key principle of kinesiology that relates to improved fitness in athletes as well as health and wellness in clinical populations. Ergonomics

Organizational learning Organizational learning is an area of knowledge within organizational theory that studies models and theories about the way an organization learns and adapts (Vasenska, 2013:615). In Organizational development (OD), learning is a characteristic of an adaptive organization, i.e., an organization that is able to sense changes in signals from its environment (both internal and external) and adapt accordingly. OD specialists endeavor to assist their clients to learn from experience and incorporate the learning as feedback into the planning process. Note a profound ambiguity in how the term adaptive system is used. The earliest system theorists studied self-regulating organic and mechanical systems in which a system "adapts" to environmental changes, acting so as to maintain its organization in a steady (viable) state. Models[edit] Argyris and Schön were the first to propose models that facilitate organizational learning; others have followed in the tradition of their work:

Knowledge management Process of creating, sharing, using and managing the knowledge and information of an organization Knowledge management (KM) is the collection of methods relating to creating, sharing, using and managing the knowledge and information of an organization.[1] It refers to a multidisciplinary approach to achieve organizational objectives by making the best use of knowledge.[2] An established discipline since 1991,[3] KM includes courses taught in the fields of business administration, information systems, management, library, and information science.[3][4] Other fields may contribute to KM research, including information and media, computer science, public health and public policy.[5] Several universities offer dedicated master's degrees in knowledge management. History[edit] In 1999, the term personal knowledge management was introduced; it refers to the management of knowledge at the individual level.[12] Research[edit] Dimensions[edit] Strategies[edit] Motivations[edit] KM technologies[edit]

Community development Communities taking collective action to solve common problems The United Nations defines community development as "a process where community members come together to take collective action and generate solutions to common problems."[1] It is a broad concept, applied to the practices of civic leaders, activists, involved citizens, and professionals to improve various aspects of communities, typically aiming to build stronger and more resilient local communities. Community development seeks to empower individuals and groups of people with the skills they need to effect change within their communities. These skills are often created through the formation of social groups working for a common agenda. Community development as a term has taken off widely in anglophone countries, i.e. the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, as well as other countries in the Commonwealth of Nations. Community development approaches are recognised internationally. Definitions[edit]

Human resource management Human resource management (HRM, or simply HR) is a function in organizations designed to maximize employee performance in service of their employer’s strategic objectives.[1] HR is primarily concerned with how people are managed within organizations, focusing on policies and systems.[2] HR departments and units in organizations are typically responsible for a number of activities, including employee recruitment, training and development, performance appraisal, and rewarding (e.g., managing pay and benefit systems).[3] HR is also concerned with industrial relations, that is, the balancing of organizational practices with regulations arising from collective bargaining and governmental laws.[4] In startup companies, HR's duties may be performed by trained professionals. In larger companies, an entire functional group is typically dedicated to the discipline, with staff specializing in various HR tasks and functional leadership engaging in strategic decision making across the business.

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