Holistic health Holistic health (or holistic medicine) is a diverse field of alternative medicine[1] in which the "whole person" is focused on, not just the malady itself.[2] Background and conceptual basis[edit] The holistic concept in medical practice, which is distinct from the concept in the alternative medicine, upholds that all aspects of people's needs including psychological, physical and social should be taken into account and seen as a whole. A 2007 study said the concept was alive and well in general medicine in Sweden.[3] Some practitioners of holistic medicine use alternative medicine exclusively, though sometimes holistic treatment can mean simply that a physician takes account of all a person's circumstances in giving treatment. According to the American Holistic Medical Association it is believed that the spiritual element should also be taken into account when assessing a person's overall well-being.[4] Methods[edit] Reception[edit] See also[edit] References[edit] Further reading[edit]
Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo is revered for his technological ingenuity. He conceptualised flying machines, an armoured vehicle, concentrated solar power, an adding machine,[7] and the double hull, also outlining a rudimentary theory of plate tectonics. Relatively few of his designs were constructed or were even feasible during his lifetime,[nb 2] but some of his smaller inventions, such as an automated bobbin winder and a machine for testing the tensile strength of wire, entered the world of manufacturing unheralded.[nb 3] He made substantial discoveries in anatomy, civil engineering, optics, and hydrodynamics, but he did not publish his findings and they had no direct influence on later science.[8] Life Childhood, 1452–1466 Leonardo's earliest known drawing, the Arno Valley (1473), Uffizi Verrocchio's workshop, 1466–1476 Professional life, 1476–1513 In 1482 Leonardo, who according to Vasari was a most talented musician,[25] created a silver lyre in the shape of a horse's head. Old age, 1513–1519 Personal life
Alternative medicine Alternative medicines may contain unsafe or toxic ingredients. The science community is critical of alternative medicine for making unproven claims. Alternative medicine is any practice that is put forward as having the healing effects of medicine, but is not based on evidence gathered using the scientific method.[1] It consists of a wide range of health care practices, products and therapies.[2] Examples include new and traditional medicine practices such as homeopathy, naturopathy, chiropractic, energy medicine, various forms of acupuncture, Traditional Chinese medicine, Ayurvedic medicine, and Christian faith healing. Complementary medicine is alternative medicine used together with conventional medical treatment in a belief, not proven by using scientific methods, that it "complements" the treatment. The scientific community has criticized alternative medicine as being based on misleading statements, quackery, pseudoscience, antiscience, fraud, or poor scientific methodology.
Ninja A ninja (忍者?) or shinobi (忍び?) was a covert agent or mercenary in feudal Japan. The functions of the ninja included espionage, sabotage, infiltration, and assassination, and open combat in certain situations.[1] Their covert methods of waging war contrasted the ninja with the samurai, who observed strict rules about honor and combat.[2] The shinobi proper, a specially trained group of spies and mercenaries, appeared in the Sengoku or "warring states" period, in the 15th century,[3] but antecedents may have existed in the 14th century,[4] and possibly even in the 12th century (Heian or early Kamakura era).[5][6] In the unrest of the Sengoku period (15th–17th centuries), mercenaries and spies for hire became active in the Iga Province and the adjacent area around the village of Kōga, and it is from their ninja clans that much of our knowledge of the ninja is drawn. Etymology The word "ninja" in kanji script History Predecessors Early history Iga and Kōga clans Shimabara rebellion Oniwaban Roles
Pharmacology A variety of topics involved with pharmacology, including neuropharmacology, renal pharmacology, human metabolism, intracellular metabolism, and inracellular regulation IUPAC definition Science of drugs including their origin, composition, pharmacokinetics,pharmacodynamics, therapeutic use, and toxicology.[1] Pharmacology (from Greek φάρμακον, pharmakon, "poison" in classic Greek; "drug" in modern Greek; and -λογία, -logia "study of", "knowledge of") is the branch of medicine and biology concerned with the study of drug action,[2] where a drug can be broadly defined as any man-made, natural, or endogenous (within the body) molecule which exerts a biochemical and/or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ, or organism. Early pharmacologists focused on natural substances, mainly plant extracts. Divisions[edit] The discipline of pharmacology can be divided into many sub disciplines each with a specific focus. Clinical pharmacology[edit] Neuropharmacology[edit] Psychopharmacology[edit]
Samurai Samurai around the 1860s Samurai (侍?), usually referred to in Japanese as bushi (武士? By the end of the 12th century, samurai became almost entirely synonymous with bushi, and the word was closely associated with the middle and upper echelons of the warrior class. History Asuka and Nara periods Following the Battle of Hakusukinoe against Tang China and Silla in 663 AD that led to a Japanese retreat from Korean affairs, Japan underwent widespread reform. The Taihō Code classified most of the Imperial bureaucrats into 12 ranks, each divided into two sub-ranks, 1st rank being the highest adviser to the Emperor. Heian period In the early Heian period, the late 8th and early 9th centuries, Emperor Kammu sought to consolidate and expand his rule in northern Honshū, but the armies he sent to conquer the rebellious Emishi people lacked motivation and discipline, and failed in their task. Ultimately, Emperor Kammu disbanded his army. Kamakura Bakufu and the rise of samurai Ashikaga Shogunate
Rx Abbreviations This is a list of abbreviations used in medical prescriptions and hospital orders (sometimes referred to as sig codes). This list does not include abbreviations for pharmaceuticals (which is a separate article in itself). Capitalization and the use of periods is a matter of style. In the list, Latin is not capitalized whereas English acronyms are. The period is used wherever there are letters omitted in the abbreviation. Numerical Notation[edit] When expressing a numerical quantity, Roman numerals are commonly used in place of arabic digits so as to avoid confusion. Currently "Discouraged" Practices[edit] References[edit] External links[edit] DAW Codes
Universe There are many competing theories about the ultimate fate of the universe. Physicists remain unsure about what, if anything, preceded the Big Bang. Many refuse to speculate, doubting that any information from any such prior state could ever be accessible. Historical observation XDF size compared to the size of the Moon – several thousand galaxies, each consisting of billions of stars, are in this small view. XDF (2012) view – each light speck is a galaxy – some of these are as old as 13.2 billion years[13] – the visible Universe is estimated to contain 200 billion galaxies. XDF image shows fully mature galaxies in the foreground plane – nearly mature galaxies from 5 to 9 billion years ago – protogalaxies, blazing with young stars, beyond 9 billion years. Throughout recorded history, several cosmologies and cosmogonies have been proposed to account for observations of the Universe. History Etymology, synonyms and definitions Broadest definition: reality and probability Definition as reality
Naturopathy Naturopathy or naturopathic medicine is a form of alternative medicine employing a wide array of "natural" treatments, including homeopathy, herbalism, and acupuncture, as well as diet and lifestyle counseling. Naturopaths favor a holistic approach with non-invasive treatment and generally avoid the use of surgery and drugs. Naturopathic philosophy is based on a belief in vitalism and self-healing, and practitioners often prefer methods of treatment that are not compatible with evidence-based medicine. Naturopathic medicine is replete with pseudoscientific, ineffective, unethical, and possibly dangerous practices.[1] The term "naturopathy" was created from "natura" (Latin root for birth) and "pathos" (the Greek root for suffering) to suggest "natural healing". Modern naturopathy grew out of the Natural Cure movement of Europe. History[edit] Monsignor Sebastian Kneipp, 1821–1897 In 1901, Lust founded the American School of Naturopathy in New York. Practice[edit] Methods[edit] Licensure[edit]
Evidence-based medicine In practice, clinicians contextualize the best available research evidence by integrating it with their individual clinical expertise and their patient's values and expectations.[1] The incorporation of patient values and clinical expertise in EBM partly recognizes the fact that many aspects of health care depend on individual factors. These include variations in individual physiology and pathology, and quality-of-life and value-of-life judgments.[4] These factors are only partially subjected to scientific inquiry and sometimes even cannot be assessed in controlled experimental settings. Application of available evidence is therefore dependent on patient circumstances and preferences, and remains subject to input from personal, political, philosophical, religious, ethical, economic, and aesthetic values. The broad field of EBM would include rigorous and systematic analysis of published literature to synthesize high quality evidence, such as systematic reviews. U.S.