Physical medicine and rehabilitation Branch of medicine Physical medicine and rehabilitation, also known as physiatry and physiatrics (but this can also refer to physiotherapy),[1][2] is a branch of medicine that aims to enhance and restore functional ability and quality of life to those with physical impairments or disabilities. A physician having completed training in this field may be referred to as a physiatrist. Physiatrists specialize in restoring optimal function to people with injuries to the muscles, bones, ligaments, or nervous system.[3] Scope of the field In the hospital setting, physiatrists commonly treat patients who have had an amputation, spinal cord injury, stroke, traumatic brain injury, and other debilitating injuries. History During the first half of the 20th century, two unofficial specialties, physical medicine and rehabilitation medicine, developed separately, but in practice both treated similar patient populations consisting of those with disabling injuries. Treatment Training Subspecialties See also
Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo is revered for his technological ingenuity. He conceptualised flying machines, an armoured vehicle, concentrated solar power, an adding machine,[7] and the double hull, also outlining a rudimentary theory of plate tectonics. Relatively few of his designs were constructed or were even feasible during his lifetime,[nb 2] but some of his smaller inventions, such as an automated bobbin winder and a machine for testing the tensile strength of wire, entered the world of manufacturing unheralded.[nb 3] He made substantial discoveries in anatomy, civil engineering, optics, and hydrodynamics, but he did not publish his findings and they had no direct influence on later science.[8] Life Childhood, 1452–1466 Leonardo's earliest known drawing, the Arno Valley (1473), Uffizi Verrocchio's workshop, 1466–1476 Professional life, 1476–1513 In 1482 Leonardo, who according to Vasari was a most talented musician,[25] created a silver lyre in the shape of a horse's head. Old age, 1513–1519 Personal life
Physiology Science regarding function of organisms or living systems The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for exceptional scientific achievements in physiology related to the field of medicine. Foundations[edit] Because physiology focuses on the functions and mechanisms of living organisms at all levels, from the molecular and cellular level to the level of whole organisms and populations, its foundations span a range of key disciplines: Anatomy is the study of the structure and organization of living organisms, from the microscopic level of cells and tissues to the macroscopic level of organs and systems. Subdisciplines[edit] There are many ways to categorize the subdisciplines of physiology:[6] Subdisciplines by level of organisation[edit] Cell physiology[edit] Subdisciplines by taxa[edit] Plant physiology[edit] Plant physiology is a subdiscipline of botany concerned with the functioning of plants. Animal physiology[edit] Human physiology[edit]
Ninja A ninja (忍者?) or shinobi (忍び?) was a covert agent or mercenary in feudal Japan. The functions of the ninja included espionage, sabotage, infiltration, and assassination, and open combat in certain situations.[1] Their covert methods of waging war contrasted the ninja with the samurai, who observed strict rules about honor and combat.[2] The shinobi proper, a specially trained group of spies and mercenaries, appeared in the Sengoku or "warring states" period, in the 15th century,[3] but antecedents may have existed in the 14th century,[4] and possibly even in the 12th century (Heian or early Kamakura era).[5][6] In the unrest of the Sengoku period (15th–17th centuries), mercenaries and spies for hire became active in the Iga Province and the adjacent area around the village of Kōga, and it is from their ninja clans that much of our knowledge of the ninja is drawn. Etymology The word "ninja" in kanji script History Predecessors Early history Iga and Kōga clans Shimabara rebellion Oniwaban Roles
Performance improvement In organizational development, performance improvement is organizational change in which the managers and governing body of an organization put into place and manage a program which measures the current level of performance of the organization and then generates ideas for modifying organizational behavior and infrastructure which are put into place to achieve higher output. Performance improvement can be applied to either individual performance such as an athlete or organizational performance such as a racing team or a commercial business. Performance improvement at the operational or individual employee level usually involves processes such as statistical quality control. At the organizational level, performance improvement usually involves softer forms of measurement such as customer satisfaction surveys which are used to obtain qualitative information about performance from the viewpoint of customers. Performance is a measure of the results achieved. Corporate or commercial[edit]
Samurai Samurai around the 1860s Samurai (侍?), usually referred to in Japanese as bushi (武士? By the end of the 12th century, samurai became almost entirely synonymous with bushi, and the word was closely associated with the middle and upper echelons of the warrior class. History Asuka and Nara periods Following the Battle of Hakusukinoe against Tang China and Silla in 663 AD that led to a Japanese retreat from Korean affairs, Japan underwent widespread reform. The Taihō Code classified most of the Imperial bureaucrats into 12 ranks, each divided into two sub-ranks, 1st rank being the highest adviser to the Emperor. Heian period In the early Heian period, the late 8th and early 9th centuries, Emperor Kammu sought to consolidate and expand his rule in northern Honshū, but the armies he sent to conquer the rebellious Emishi people lacked motivation and discipline, and failed in their task. Ultimately, Emperor Kammu disbanded his army. Kamakura Bakufu and the rise of samurai Ashikaga Shogunate
Economic efficiency Situation in which nothing can be improved without something else being hurt In microeconomics, economic efficiency, depending on the context, is usually one of the following two related concepts:[citation needed] Standards of thought[edit] There are two main standards of thought on economic efficiency, which respectively emphasize the distortions created by governments (and reduced by decreasing government involvement) and the distortions created by markets (and reduced by increasing government involvement). Further, there are differences in views on microeconomic versus macroeconomic efficiency, some advocating a greater role for government in one sphere or the other. Allocative and productive efficiency[edit] A market can be said to have allocative efficiency if the price of a product that the market is supplying is equal to the marginal value consumers place on it, and equals marginal cost. Mainstream views[edit] Schools of thought[edit] Microeconomic reform[edit] Criteria[edit] ^ Thomas.
Universe There are many competing theories about the ultimate fate of the universe. Physicists remain unsure about what, if anything, preceded the Big Bang. Many refuse to speculate, doubting that any information from any such prior state could ever be accessible. Historical observation XDF size compared to the size of the Moon – several thousand galaxies, each consisting of billions of stars, are in this small view. XDF (2012) view – each light speck is a galaxy – some of these are as old as 13.2 billion years[13] – the visible Universe is estimated to contain 200 billion galaxies. XDF image shows fully mature galaxies in the foreground plane – nearly mature galaxies from 5 to 9 billion years ago – protogalaxies, blazing with young stars, beyond 9 billion years. Throughout recorded history, several cosmologies and cosmogonies have been proposed to account for observations of the Universe. History Etymology, synonyms and definitions Broadest definition: reality and probability Definition as reality
Organizational culture Encompasses values and behaviours that contribute to the unique social and psychological environment of an organization Schein (1992), Deal and Kennedy (2000), and Kotter (1992) advanced the idea that organizations often have very differing cultures as well as subcultures.[5][6][7] Although a company may have its "own unique culture," in larger organizations there are sometimes co-existing or conflicting subcultures because each subculture is linked to a different management team.[8] Flamholtz and Randle (2011) suggest that one can view organizational culture as "corporate personality."[9][10] They define it as it consisting of the values, beliefs, and norms which influence the behavior of people as members of an organization.[11] Origins[edit] The term of culture in the organizational context was first introduced by Dr. According to Dr. Elaborating on the work in The Changing Culture of a Factory Dr. Usage[edit] Business executive Bernard L. Typology of cultural types[edit] Healthy[edit]
Kinesiology Study of human body movement Kinesiology (from Ancient Greek κίνησις (kínēsis) 'movement' and -λογία -logía 'study of') is the scientific study of human body movement. Kinesiology addresses physiological, anatomical, biomechanical, pathological, neuropsychological principles and mechanisms of movement. Kinesiology studies the science of human movement, performance, and function by applying the fundamental sciences of cell biology, molecular biology, chemistry, biochemistry, biophysics, biomechanics, biomathematics, biostatistics, anatomy, physiology, exercise physiology, pathophysiology, neuroscience, and nutritional science. The term "kinesiologist" is not a licensed nor professional designation in many countries, with the notable exception of Canada. Adaptation through exercise [edit] Adaptation through exercise is a key principle of kinesiology that relates to improved fitness in athletes as well as health and wellness in clinical populations. Adaptive plasticity Recent[when?]