Présentation World War 1 – who started it? Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria-Hungary When Franz Ferdinand, his nephew and heir, was murdered, Emperor Franz Joseph I decided that military action was required to cut Serbia down to size. But with time lost to investigations and diplomacy, it was not until July 23 that Serbia was presented with a harsh ultimatum. Its demands included the denunciation of separatist activities, the banning of publications and organisations hostile to Austria- Hungary and co-operation with Habsburg officials in suppressing subversion and a judicial inquiry. Serbia’s measured reply was to agree to almost all demands. Why did the 83-year-old Emperor Franz Joseph and his Vienna government take such a hard line? More than two-fifths of Bosnia’s population was ethnic Serb, many of whom yearned for independence and union with a Greater Serbia. An even more powerful reason was because many in the Austrian government and military felt the time was opportune. Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany So, who was to blame?
Questions Critiques - géopolitique Shellshock By 1914 British doctors working in military hospitals noticed patients suffering from "shell shock". Early symptoms included tiredness, irritability, giddiness, lack of concentration and headaches. Eventually the men suffered mental breakdowns making it impossible for them to remain in the front-line. Some came to the conclusion that the soldiers condition was caused by the enemy's heavy artillery. These doctors argued that a bursting shell creates a vacuum, and when the air rushes into this vacuum it disturbs the cerebro-spinal fluid and this can upset the working of the brain. Some doctors argued that the only cure for shell-shock was a complete rest away from the fighting. Philip Gibbs, a journalist on the Western Front, later recalled: "The shell-shock cases were the worst to see and the worst to cure. Between 1914 and 1918 the British Army identified 80,000 men (2% of those who saw active service) as suffering from shell-shock.
Weatherhead Center Working Paper Series | The Weatherhead Center Mylonas, Harris. 2013. The Politics of Diaspora Management in the Republic of Korea. The Asan Institute for Policy Studies Issue Brief 81: 1-12.Abstract The Republic of Korea has an elaborate diaspora management policy since the 1990s. Download Paper Wasserfallen, Fabio. 2013. The European Union (EU) tax mandate remains narrow. Download Paper Engberg, Katarina. 2013. This book is a comparative study which aims to answer the question: under what circumstances does the EU undertake military operations? Lewis, Mary. 2013. After invading Tunisia in 1881, the French installed a protectorate in which they shared power with the Tunisian ruling dynasty and, due to the dynasty’s treaties with other European powers, with some of their imperial rivals. Perkins, Dwight H. 2013. Shifter, Michael. 2013. After more than a century of assorted dictatorships and innumerable fiscal crises, the majority of Latin America's states are governed today by constitutional democratic regimes. Davis, Diane. 2013.
From trench to tomb: The unknown warrior's journey 11 November 2010Last updated at 02:12 By Mario Cacciottolo BBC News The tomb, in London's Westminster Abbey The unknown warrior was carried from a French battlefield 90 years ago, to be laid to rest among kings and statesmen in Westminster Abbey. But how did this symbol of the sacrifice of war come to be chosen? In 1916, a Church of England clergyman serving at the Western Front in World War I spotted an inscription on an anonymous war grave which gave him an idea. That moment of inspiration would blossom into a worldwide ceremony that is still being replicated in the 21st Century - the grave of an unknown warrior, symbolising those who made the ultimate sacrifice for their country. The Reverend David Railton caught sight of the grave in a back garden at Armentieres in France in 1916, with a rough cross upon which was pencilled the words "An Unknown British Soldier". But there was a procedure in choosing a single corpse to represent the many unnamed dead. Continue reading the main story
Daniel Pipes History - World Wars: Battle of Passchendaele: 31 July - 6 November 1917 The Washington Institute for Near East Policy - Insight and Anal المرصد السياسي 2661 يعقوب أوليدورت و ماركوس شيف تروّج الكتب الدراسية والأدب التوجيهي لـ تنظيم «الدولة الإسلامية» الهوية السنيّة بمعناها الأصولي والحصري والتفسير السلفي للإسلام الذي يرتكز على القرآن والحديث فحسب. والسؤال الذي يطرح نفسه هو ما مدى "إسلامية" تنظيم «الدولة الإسلامية»؟ شاهد فيديو أو إقرأ ملخص لباحثيّن يناقشان الكيفية التي تستخدم بموجبها "الخلافة" المعلنة من جانب واحد، العقيدة الدينية وأنشطة النشر القوية لتبرير أفعالها. المرصد السياسي 2659 مايكل هيرتسوغ هدأت طبول الحرب التي قرعتها إسرائيل ضد «خطة العمل المشتركة الشاملة» على مدى العام الماضي، ولكن ذلك لا يعني أنها عقدت صلحاً مع الاتفاق. المرصد السياسي 2657 ديفيد ماكوفسكي احتجّ المسؤولون الفلسطينيون على الانتقاد الذي وجّهه «تقرير "اللجنة الرباعية"» حول التحريض والإرهاب الذي يقوم به الفلسطينيون.
American Foreign Policy Council - Home The Trilateral Commission National Security Council The National Security Council (NSC) is the President's principal forum for considering national security and foreign policy matters with his senior national security advisors and cabinet officials. Since its inception under President Truman, the Council's function has been to advise and assist the President on national security and foreign policies. The Council also serves as the President's principal arm for coordinating these policies among various government agencies. The NSC is chaired by the President. Its regular attendees (both statutory and non-statutory) are the Vice President, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of Defense, and the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is the statutory military advisor to the Council, and the Director of National Intelligence is the intelligence advisor.