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Pythagoras Greek philosopher (c. 570 – c. 495 BC) Pythagoras of Samos[a] (Ancient Greek: Πυθαγόρας ὁ Σάμιος, romanized: Pythagóras ho Sámios, lit. 'Pythagoras the Samian', or simply Πυθαγόρας; Πυθαγόρης in Ionian Greek; c. 570 – c. 495 BC)[b] was an ancient Ionian Greek philosopher, polymath and the eponymous founder of Pythagoreanism. His political and religious teachings were well known in Magna Graecia and influenced the philosophies of Plato, Aristotle, and, through them, the West in general. Knowledge of his life is clouded by legend, but he appears to have been the son of Mnesarchus, a gem-engraver on the island of Samos or the city of Tyre.[5] Modern scholars disagree regarding Pythagoras's education and influences, but they do agree that, around 530 BC, he travelled to Croton in southern Italy, where he founded a school in which initiates were sworn to secrecy and lived a communal, ascetic lifestyle. Biographical sources Life Early life Reputed travels Alleged Greek teachers In Croton Death .
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Magna Graecia Cities of Magna Graecia and other Greek settlements in Italy (in red) Antiquity[edit] According to Strabo, Magna Graecia's colonization had already begun by the time of the Trojan War and lasted for several centuries.[2] In the 8th and 7th centuries BC, for various reasons, including demographic crises (famine, overcrowding, etc.), the search for new commercial outlets and ports, and expulsion from their homeland, Greeks began to settle in southern Italy (Cerchiai, pp. 14–18). Also during that period, Greek colonies were established in places as widely separated as the eastern coast of the Black Sea, Eastern Libya and Massalia (Marseille). They included settlements in Sicily and the southern part of the Italian Peninsula. With colonization, Greek culture was exported to Italy, in its dialects of the Ancient Greek language, its religious rites and its traditions of the independent polis. Following the Pyrrhic War in the 3rd century BC, Magna Graecia was absorbed into the Roman Republic.
Stoicism Philosophical system Stoicism is a school of Hellenistic philosophy founded by Zeno of Citium in Athens in the early 3rd century BCE. It is a philosophy of personal virtue ethics informed by its system of logic and its views on the natural world, asserting that the practice of virtue is both necessary and sufficient to achieve eudaimonia (happiness, lit. 'good spiritedness'): one flourishes by living an ethical life. Stoicism flourished throughout the Roman and Greek world until the 3rd century CE, and among its adherents was Emperor Marcus Aurelius. History[edit] The name Stoicism derives from the Stoa Poikile (Ancient Greek: ἡ ποικίλη στοά), or "painted porch", a colonnade decorated with mythic and historical battle scenes on the north side of the Agora in Athens where Zeno of Citium and his followers gathered to discuss their ideas, near the end of the 4th century BCE.[4] Unlike the Epicureans, Zeno chose to teach his philosophy in a public space. Scholars[who?] Logic[edit]
Italiotes Groups within the Italian peninsula The Italiotes (Greek: Ἰταλιῶται, Italiōtai) were the pre-Roman Greek-speaking inhabitants of the Italian Peninsula, between Naples and Sicily. Greek colonization of the coastal areas of southern Italy and Sicily started in the 8th century BC and, by the time of Roman ascendance, the area was so extensively hellenized that Romans called it Magna Graecia, "Greater Greece". The Latin alphabet is a derivative of the Western Greek alphabet used by these settlers, and was picked up and adopted and modified first by the Etruscans and then by the Romans. Italiote League[edit] Tarentum controlled the Italiote League from about the end of the 5th century BC and levied troops from the Greek cities.[1] Dionysius I of Syracuse conquered southern Italy (Magna Graecia), crushing the Italiote (Greek) League at the Battle of the Elleporus and destroying Rhegium.[2] See also[edit] Notes[edit] References[edit]
Anaximander Pre-Socratic Ionian philosopher Anaximander (; Greek: Ἀναξίμανδρος Anaximandros; c. 610 – c. 546 BC)[4] was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who lived in Miletus,[5] a city of Ionia (in modern-day Turkey). He belonged to the Milesian school and learned the teachings of his master Thales. He succeeded Thales and became the second master of that school where he counted Anaximenes and, arguably, Pythagoras amongst his pupils.[6] Little of his life and work is known today. Biography[edit] Anaximander, son of Praxiades, was born in the third year of the 42nd Olympiad (610 BC).[10] According to Apollodorus of Athens, Greek grammarian of the 2nd century BC, he was sixty-four years old during the second year of the 58th Olympiad (547–546 BC), and died shortly afterwards.[11] Establishing a timeline of his work is now impossible, since no document provides chronological references. Anaximander lived the final few years of his life as a subject of the Persian Achaemenid Empire.[14] Theories[edit]
Crotone Coordinates: in Calabria, Italy Crotone (Italian: [kroˈtoːne] History[edit] Coin of Croton, c. 480-460 BC. In 295 BC, Croton fell to another Syracusan tyrant, Agathocles. Around 550, the city was unsuccessfully besieged by Totila, king of the Ostrogoths. Geography[edit] Climate[edit] Crotone enjoys a Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa). Main sights[edit] The Cathedral, originally from the 9th to 11th centuries, but largely rebuilt. Transportation[edit] Crotone Airport (Sant'Anna Airport) is served by Italiatour.it and other charter airlines. Culture[edit] Museums[edit] Crotone hosts a national archaeological museum, a municipal museum, a municipal art gallery, and a provincial museum of contemporary art, as well as the Antiquarium di Torre Nao. Sport[edit] Achei Crotone is an american football club in Italy's 3rd divion. Notable people[edit] Literary reference[edit] Crotone appears in the Philippine national epic Florante at Laura as the Kingdom of Krotona. International relations[edit] See also[edit]
Wars of Alexander the Great The wars of Alexander the Great were fought by King Alexander III of Macedon ("The Great"), first against the Achaemenid Persian Empire under Darius III, and then against local chieftains and warlords as far east as Punjab, India. Due to the sheer scale of these wars, and the fact that Alexander was generally undefeated in battle, he has been regarded as one of the most successful military commanders of all time. By the time of his death, he had conquered most of the world known to the ancient Greeks.[1] Although being successful as a military commander, he failed to provide any stable alternative to the Achaemenid Empire[2]—his untimely death threw the vast territories he conquered into civil war. Alexander had already made more plans prior to his death for military and mercantile expansions into the Arabian Peninsula, after which he was to turn his armies to the west (Carthage, Rome, and the Iberian Peninsula). Background[edit] Balkan campaign[edit] Persia[edit] Asia Minor[edit] Other
Nature Natural, physical, or material world and its phenomena During the advent of modern scientific method in the last several centuries, nature became the passive reality, organized and moved by divine laws.[3][4] With the Industrial revolution, nature increasingly became seen as the part of reality deprived from intentional intervention: it was hence considered as sacred by some traditions (Rousseau, American transcendentalism) or a mere decorum for divine providence or human history (Hegel, Marx). However, a vitalist vision of nature, closer to the pre-Socratic one, got reborn at the same time, especially after Charles Darwin.[2] Within the various uses of the word today, "nature" often refers to geology and wildlife. Etymology Earth Earth is the only planet known to support life, and its natural features are the subject of many fields of scientific research. Geology Geology is the science and study of the solid and liquid matter that constitutes the Earth. Geological evolution Oceans Lakes Ponds
Phenomenon Observable event Common usage[edit] In popular usage, a phenomenon often refers to an extraordinary event. The term is most commonly used to refer to occurrences that at first defy explanation or baffle the observer. According to the Dictionary of Visual Discourse:[2] In ordinary language 'phenomenon/phenomena' refer to any occurrence worthy of note and investigation, typically an untoward or unusual event, person or fact that is of special significance or otherwise notable. Philosophy[edit] In modern philosophical use, the term phenomena means things as they are experienced through the senses and processed by the mind as distinct from things in and of themselves (noumena). Science[edit] In scientific usage, a phenomenon is any event that is observable, including the use of instrumentation to observe, record, or compile data. In natural sciences, a phenomenon is an observable happening or event. Sociology[edit] See also[edit] References[edit] External links[edit]