Ash heap of history The expression arose in the 19th century in various places,[1] but it was popularized by Leon Trotsky (in its Russian form "Свалка истории") in response to the Mensheviks walking out of the Petrograd Second Congress of Soviets, on October 25, 1917 (Julian calendar), thereby enabling the Bolsheviks to establish their dominance. Trotsky declared: "'You are pitiful, isolated individuals! You are bankrupts. Your role is played out. Go where you belong from now on—into the dustbin of history!'" It has since been used in both the direct and the ironic sense in political and nonpolitical contexts. Noted examples[edit] It was used by Ronald Reagan in a speech to the British House of Commons on June 8, 1982. See also[edit] Memory hole References[edit] General
Advaita Vedanta School of Hindu philosophy, a classic path to spiritual realization Advaita Vedanta traces its roots to the oldest Upanishads. It relies on three textual sources called the Prasthanatrayi. Etymology and nomenclature[edit] The Advaita Vedanta school has been historically referred to by various names, such as Advaita-vada (speaker of Advaita), Abheda-darshana (view of non-difference), Dvaita-vada-pratisedha (denial of dual distinctions), and Kevala-dvaita (non-dualism of the isolated). According to Richard King, a professor of Buddhist and Asian studies, the term Advaita first occurs in a recognizably Vedantic context in the prose of Mandukya Upanishad. Darśana (philosophy) - central concerns[edit] Advaita is a subschool of Vedanta, the latter being one of the six classical Hindu darśanas. Within the Vedanta tradition of Hinduism are many sub-schools, of which Advaita is one. The Vedanta tradition of Hinduism rejects the dualism of Samkhya. Puruṣārtha - the four goals of human life[edit] T.
Buddhism Indian religion or philosophy based on the Buddha's teachings Buddhism ( BUU-dih-zəm, BOOD-), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (transl. "doctrines and disciplines"), is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha.[3] It originated in present-day North India as a śramaṇa–movement in the 5th century BCE, and gradually spread throughout much of Asia via the Silk Road. It is the world's fourth-largest religion,[4] with over 520 million followers (Buddhists) who comprise seven percent of the global population.[7] Two major extant branches of Buddhism are generally recognized by scholars: Theravāda (lit. Etymology Buddhism is an Indian religion[22] or philosophy. Followers of Buddhism, called Buddhists in English, referred to themselves as Sakyan-s or Sakyabhiksu in ancient India.[25][26] Buddhist scholar Donald S. The Buddha Enlightenment of Buddha, Kushan dynasty, late 2nd to early 3rd century CE, Gandhara Worldview The cycle of rebirth
Memory hole Origins[edit] In Nineteen Eighty-Four the memory hole is a small chute leading to a large incinerator used for censorship:[3] In the walls of the cubicle there were three orifices. To the right of the speakwrite, a small pneumatic tube for written messages, to the left, a larger one for newspapers; and in the side wall, within easy reach of Winston's arm, a large oblong slit protected by a wire grating. This last was for the disposal of waste paper. In the novel, the memory hole is a slot into which government officials deposit politically inconvenient documents and records to be destroyed. A document placed in the memory hole is supposedly transported to an incinerator from which "not even the ash remains". See also[edit] References[edit] Notes George Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four, first published by Martin Secker & Warburg, London, 1949.
Nonduality (Advaita) - Stillness Speaks “There is neither creation nor destruction, neither destiny nor free will, neither path nor achievement. This is the final truth.” ~ Ramana Maharshi Nonduality is about our intrinsic nature – which is oneness. It is expressed in a myriad of forms in various traditions. Nonduality or Advaita has traditionally come from India but it is not limited to India, because that core truth is evident in all traditions even though it may be expressed in different terms. After reading the summary … please continue scrolling down until you see “Explore More About Nonduality (Advaita)” and then you can access Posts & Videos, Articles (PDFs), Books&DVDs, & Related Teachers … for this tradition. Classically, Nonduality (or Advaita Vedanta) is a sub school of the Hindu philosophy of Vedanta. The first organized condensation of Advaitic theosophy is credited to Adi Shankara, also known as Sankara Bhagavatpad Acharya, around the eighth century AD.
Taoism Taoist rite at the Qingyanggong (Bronze Ram Temple) in Chengdu, Sichuan. Taoism, or Daoism, is a philosophical, ethical, and religious tradition of Chinese origin that emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao (also romanized as Dao). The term Tao means "way", "path" or "principle", and can also be found in Chinese philosophies and religions other than Taoism. In Taoism, however, Tao denotes something that is both the source and the driving force behind everything that exists. While Taoism drew its cosmological notions from the tenets of the School of Yin Yang, the Tao Te Ching, a compact and ambiguous book containing teachings attributed to Laozi (Chinese: 老子; pinyin: Lǎozǐ; Wade–Giles: Lao Tzu), is widely considered its keystone work. After Laozi and Zhuangzi, the literature of Taoism grew steadily and was compiled in form of a canon—the Daozang—which was published at the behest of the emperor. Spelling and pronunciation[edit] Categorization[edit] Origins and development[edit]
Paraconsistent logic A paraconsistent logic is a logical system that attempts to deal with contradictions in a discriminating way. Alternatively, paraconsistent logic is the subfield of logic that is concerned with studying and developing paraconsistent (or "inconsistency-tolerant") systems of logic. Inconsistency-tolerant logics have been discussed since at least 1910 (and arguably much earlier, for example in the writings of Aristotle); however, the term paraconsistent ("beside the consistent") was not coined until 1976, by the Peruvian philosopher Francisco Miró Quesada.[1] Definition[edit] In classical logic (as well as intuitionistic logic and most other logics), contradictions entail everything. Which means: if P and its negation ¬P are both assumed to be true, then P is assumed to be true, from which it follows that at least one of the claims P and some other (arbitrary) claim A is true. Paraconsistent logics and classical logic[edit] Motivation[edit] Philosophy[edit] Tradeoff[edit] Example[edit] means that
The Concept of Advaita Vedanta by Jayaram V Advaita Vedanta refers to the non-dualistic school of Hindu philosophy, which is derived mostly from the Upanishads and elaborated in detail by eminent scholars like Gaudapada and Sri Adishankaracharya. Dvaita means duality, and Advaita means nonduality. In simple terms, Advaita means absence of the duality between subject and object. Advaita school believes that Brahman is the one and only reality and everything else is a mere appearance, projection, formation or illusion. The school also believes that Atman, the individual self, has no separate existence of its own. Brahman is real, but the world in which we live is a mere illusion, like a mirage. Advaita Vedanta believes that an enlightened guru, having the knowledge of both the scriptures and Brahman, is indispensable for anyone seeking salvation. A few important concepts of Advaita Vedanta are presented below. Sadhana Chatushtayam Pramanas They are the standards of ascertaining right knowledge, truth, or valid knowledge.
Hinduism Indian religion Hinduism ()[1] is an Indian religion or dharma, a religious and universal order or way of life by which followers abide.[note 1][note 2] As a religion, it is the world's third-largest, with over 1.2–1.35 billion followers, or 15–16% of the global population, known as Hindus.[2][3][web 1][web 2] The word Hindu is an exonym,[note 3] and while Hinduism has been called the oldest religion in the world,[note 4] many practitioners refer to their religion as Sanātana Dharma (Sanskrit: सनातन धर्म, lit. ''the Eternal Dharma''), a modern usage, which refers to the idea that its origins lie beyond human history, as revealed in the Hindu texts. Etymology The word Hindū is derived from Indo-Aryan/Sanskrit root Sindhu, believed to be the name of the Indus River in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent. Definitions Because of the wide range of traditions and ideas covered by the term Hinduism, arriving at a comprehensive definition is difficult. Typology Hindu views Vaidika dharma
False dilemma A false dilemma (also called black-and/or-white thinking, bifurcation, denying a conjunct, the either-or fallacy, false dichotomy, fallacy of exhaustive hypotheses, the fallacy of false choice, the fallacy of the false alternative, or the fallacy of the excluded middle) is a type of informal fallacy that involves a situation in which limited alternatives are considered, when in fact there is at least one additional option. The opposite of this fallacy is argument to moderation. The options may be a position that is between two extremes (such as when there are shades of grey) or may be completely different alternatives. Phrasing that implies two options (dilemma, dichotomy, black-and-white) may be replaced with other number-based nouns, such as a "false trilemma" if something is reduced to only three options, instead of two. Some philosophers and scholars believe that "unless a distinction can be made rigorous and precise it isn't really a distinction. Examples[edit] Morton's Fork[edit]
The Advaita Vedanta - Non Duality by Todd F. Reinhard "Ontology", a familiar word in philosophy circles, refers to the study of existence. Indeed, Ontology, along with its kindred disciplines, Epistemology and Axiology-the study of knowledge and the study of ethics, respectively-comprise the very fabric of Philosophy. Ontology, the topic of the current discussion, is that discipline that demands an answer to the questions "What does it mean for something to Exist…for something to Be?" The philosophically indifferent responds with a question of his own: "Why should I bother with such a ridiculous question? The Indian philosophy of Advaita Vedanta is that branch of Vedanta that posits "non-duality" as the basis of reality and was popularized and expounded by Shamkara (ca. 788-820). So, introduction aside, let us return to the question of interest "What does it mean for something to exist?" So, what is Ultimately Real for the Advaitist? The third and final Level of Being is labeled "Unreality".
Christianity Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Emperor Constantine the Great decriminalized Christianity in the Roman Empire by the Edict of Milan (313), later convening the Council of Nicaea (325) where Early Christianity was consolidated into what would become the State church of the Roman Empire (380). The early history of Christianity's united church before major schisms is sometimes referred to as the "Great Church" (though divergent sects existed at the same time, including Gnostics, Marcionites, and Jewish Christians). The Church of the East split after the Council of Ephesus (431) and Oriental Orthodoxy split after the Council of Chalcedon (451) over differences in Christology,[6] while the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church separated in the East–West Schism (1054), mostly over the authority of the bishop of Rome. Etymology Beliefs Creeds Concise doctrinal statements or confessions of religious beliefs are known as creeds. Jesus