Rationalism vs. Empiricism 1. Introduction The dispute between rationalism and empiricism takes place primarily within epistemology, the branch of philosophy devoted to studying the nature, sources, and limits of knowledge. What is the nature of propositional knowledge, knowledge that a particular proposition about the world, ourselves, morality, or beauty is true? The disagreement between rationalism and empiricism primarily concerns the second question, regarding the sources of our concepts and knowledge. There are three main theses that are usually seen as relevant for drawing the distinction between rationalism and empiricism, with a focus on the second question. The Intuition/Deduction Thesis: Some propositions in a particular subject area, S, are knowable by us by intuition alone; still others are knowable by being deduced from intuited propositions. Intuition is a form of direct, immediate insight. According to the Innate Concept thesis, some of our concepts are not gained from experience. 1.1 Rationalism
Innatism Belief that the human mind is born with knowledge Innatism is a philosophical and epistemological doctrine that the mind is born with ideas, knowledge, and beliefs. Therefore, the mind is not a tabula rasa (blank slate) at birth, which contrasts with and was contested by early empiricists such as John Locke. Innatism asserts that not all knowledge is gained from experience and the senses. Plato and René Descartes were prominent philosophers in the development of innatism.[1][clarification needed] Both philosophers emphasize that experiences are the key to unlocking this knowledge but not the source of the knowledge itself—essentially, no knowledge is derived exclusively from experience.[2][clarification needed] Difference from nativism[edit] Innatism and nativism are generally synonymous terms referring to the notion of preexisting ideas in the mind. Nativism represents an adaptation of this, grounded in the fields of genetics, cognitive psychology, and psycholinguistics. Nativism[edit]
Rationalization Rationalization may refer to: Rationalism - By Movement / School Rationalism is a philosophical movement which gathered momentum during the Age of Reason of the 17th Century. It is usually associated with the introduction of mathematical methods into philosophy during this period by the major rationalist figures, Descartes, Leibniz and Spinoza. The preponderance of French Rationalists in the 18th Century Age of Enlightenment, including Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Charles de Secondat (Baron de Montesquieu) (1689 - 1755), is often known as French Rationalism. Rationalism is any view appealing to intellectual and deductive reason (as opposed to sensory experience or any religious teachings) as the source of knowledge or justification. Thus, it holds that some propositions are knowable by us by intuition alone, while others are knowable by being deduced through valid arguments from intuited propositions. Baruch Spinoza expanded upon Descartes' basic principles of Rationalism.
A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge (commonly called Treatise when referring to Berkeley's works) is a 1710 work, in English, by Irish Empiricist philosopher George Berkeley. This book largely seeks to refute the claims made by Berkeley's contemporary John Locke about the nature of human perception. Whilst, like all the Empiricist philosophers, both Locke and Berkeley agreed that we are having experiences, regardless of whether material objects exist, Berkeley sought to prove that the outside world (the world which causes the ideas one has within one's mind) is also composed solely of ideas. Berkeley did this by suggesting that "Ideas can only resemble Ideas" - the mental ideas that we possess can only resemble other ideas (not material objects) and thus the external world consists not of physical form, but rather of ideas. Content[edit] Introduction[edit] Part I (Note: Part II was never published)[edit] Number[edit]
Globalization Spread of world views, products, ideas, capital and labour Though many scholars place the origins of globalization in modern times, others trace its history to long before the European Age of Discovery and voyages to the New World, and some even to the third millennium BCE.[7] Large-scale globalization began in the 1820s, and in the late 19th century and early 20th century drove a rapid expansion in the connectivity of the world's economies and cultures.[8] The term global city was subsequently popularized by sociologist Saskia Sassen in her work The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo (1991).[9] Etymology and usage The word globalization was used in the English language as early as the 1930s, but only in the context of education, and the term failed to gain traction. Since its inception, the concept of globalization has inspired competing definitions and interpretations. In Global Transformations, David Held and his co-writers state: The journalist Thomas L. History Archaic Early modern
Racionalismo e Empirismo - Diferenças, Características e Resumo Saber qual a diferença entre racionalismo e empirismo é fundamental para não confundir essas escolas de pensamento e distinguir melhor as matérias estudadas, sobretudo na área de humanas. Para ficar por dentro de todos os detalhes desses conceitos, basta acompanhar nosso post. O que é racionalismo? Para a abordagem racionalista, o conhecimento tem sua fonte na razão, sendo que tal conhecimento é inato e independe de experiências sensoriais. Um exemplo clássico do racionalismo é o estudo da matemática, no qual 1+1 = 2. Para o racionalismo, o conhecimento inato consiste em um conhecimento de ordem superior que dá acesso a uma verdade profunda que vai além do que conhecemos no cotidiano. O que é empirismo? Já de acordo com o empirismo, os conhecimentos dos seres humanos são provenientes da experiência sensória (relacionada aos sentidos). Essa abordagem possui dois princípios básicos, que são: Afinal, qual a diferença entre racionalismo e empirismo? 6 livros sobre racionalismo
John Locke (1634–1704): An Essay Concerning Human Understanding John Locke’s Essay presents a detailed, systematic philosophy of mind and thought. The Essay wrestles with fundamental questions about how we think and perceive, and it even touches on how we express ourselves through language, logic, and religious practices. In the introduction, entitled The Epistle to the Reader, Locke describes how he became involved in his current mode of philosophical thinking. He relates an anecdote about a conversation with friends that made him realize that men often suffer in their pursuit of knowledge because they fail to determine the limits of their understanding. Summary: Book I In Book I, Locke lays out the three goals of his philosophical project: to discover where our ideas come from, to ascertain what it means to have these ideas and what an idea essentially is, and to examine issues of faith and opinion to determine how we should proceed logically when our knowledge is limited. Summary: Book II Summary: Book III
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz German mathematician and philosopher (1646–1716) Gottfried Wilhelm (von)[a] Leibniz[b] (1 July 1646 [O.S. 21 June] – 14 November 1716) was a German polymath active as a mathematician, philosopher, scientist and diplomat. Leibniz is also called, "The Last Universal Genius" due to his knowledge and skills in different fields and because such people became less common during the Industrial Revolution and spread of specialized labor after his lifetime.[17] He is a prominent figure in both the history of philosophy and the history of mathematics. He wrote works on philosophy, theology, ethics, politics, law, history, philology, games, music, and other studies. Leibniz also made major contributions to physics and technology, and anticipated notions that surfaced much later in probability theory, biology, medicine, geology, psychology, linguistics and computer science. As a philosopher, he was a leading representative of 17th-century rationalism and idealism. Biography[edit] Early life[edit]
Behaviorismo O comportamento, para Watson, é definido por meio de unidades analíticas, como respostas a estímulos antecedentes. Esses estímulos antecedentes seriam a causa do comportamento observável por mais de uma pessoa. Precedentes e fundação[editar | editar código-fonte] Ivan P. Pavlov (1849-1936) Como precedentes do comportamentalismo podem ser destacados os fisiólogos russos Vladimir M. Bechterev, grande estudioso de neurologia e psicofisiologia, foi o primeiro a propor uma Psicologia cuja pesquisa se baseia no comportamento, em sua Psicologia Objetiva.[1] Pavlov, por sua vez, foi o primeiro a propor o modelo de condicionamento do comportamento conhecido como reflexo condicionado, e tornou-se conceituado com suas experiências de condicionamento com cães. Thorndike foi o criador da lei do efeito. Tipos de behaviorismo[editar | editar código-fonte] Não há acordo amplamente e rigorosamente aceito sobre a presente classificação. Behaviorismo clássico[editar | editar código-fonte] Edward C. Clark L.
Semiotics Study of signs and sign processes The semiotic tradition explores the study of signs and symbols as a significant part of communications. Unlike linguistics, semiotics also studies non-linguistic sign systems. Semiotics includes the study of signs and sign processes, indication, designation, likeness, analogy, allegory, metonymy, metaphor, symbolism, signification, and communication. Semiotics is frequently seen as having important anthropological and sociological dimensions; for example the Italian semiotician and novelist Umberto Eco proposed that every cultural phenomenon may be studied as communication.[2] Some semioticians focus on the logical dimensions of the science, however. They examine areas also belonging to the life sciences—such as how organisms make predictions about, and adapt to, their semiotic niche in the world (see semiosis). Semiotics is not to be confused with the Saussurean tradition called semiology, which is a subset of semiotics.[3][4] John Locke[edit] Charles W.
Social networking service A social networking service (also social networking site or SNS) is a platform to build social networks or social relations among people who share interests, activities, backgrounds or real-life connections. A social network service consists of a representation of each user (often a profile), his or her social links, and a variety of additional services. Social network sites are web-based services that allow individuals to create a public profile, to create a list of users with whom to share connections, and view and cross the connections within the system.[1] Most social network services are web-based and provide means for users to interact over the Internet, such as e-mail and instant messaging. §History[edit] The most popular social networking sites by country Early social networking on the World Wide Web began in the form of generalized online communities such as Theglobe.com (1995),[15] Geocities (1994) and Tripod.com (1995). §Social impact[edit] §Features[edit] §Emerging trends[edit]
As diferenças entre inatismo, empirismo e construtivismo e as ideias dos seus principais autores Seja bem-vindo a uma investigação que já dura mais de 2 mil anos e não tem data para acabar. Em torno das indagações que ela provoca, estudiosos das mais diversas áreas de conhecimento humano gastaram toneladas de saliva, montanhas de papel e enorme esforço intelectual. O desafio de dois milênios pode ser resumido em duas perguntas: como o ser humano aprende? Inatismo, o saber congênito A busca por respostas começa na Antiguidade grega, com o nascimento do pensamento racional, que busca explicações baseadas em conceitos (e não mais em mitos) como uma forma de entender o mundo. Platão (427-347 a.C.) firmou posição a favor das ideias congênitas. Chamada de inatismo, essa perspectiva sustenta que as pessoas naturalmente carregam certas aptidões, habilidades, conceitos, conhecimentos e qualidades em sua bagagem hereditária. Mesmo que a noção de aprendizado como reminiscência não encontre eco na ciência contemporânea, algumas ideias inatistas ainda pipocam nas salas de aula.