Débat sur le rationalisme Débats sur les valeurs de l'esprit scientifique à rebours de la caricature zététique Ayant écouté au hasard quelques morceaux du "ballado de la Science et de la Raison" (sic), j'ai été étonné d'entendre une phrase qui m'a paru très bizarre, ironiquement citée du site de J. Beau, rr0.org, qui par ailleurs me semble très respectable. Manifestement un dégat collatéral sur l'image de la science provoquée par les folies de la secte des Zététiciens, j'ai trouvé nécessaire d'y répondre ainsi (citation presque intégrale Mon message à J. Bonjour. D'abord, pour "le problème de vocabulaire": Quel sens donner au mot "rationalisme", et sur quelles bases motiver ce choix de définition ? Voir la bataille sur l'usage du titre de "blog zététique" qui a eu lieu. Donc je rencontre un problème personnel à voir le "rationalisme" défini sous forme de l'explicitation pratique de cette caricature, du fait qu'il m'est impossible d'y trouver ma place. Je vais m'arrêter là et lire un peu plus vos pages. Non.
Western Philosophy Empirisme contre rationalisme...ou la déduction et l'induction pour ne pas désespérer de la raison Jeudi 30 décembre 4 30 /12 /Déc 13:59 Les empiristes et les rationalistes se sont interrogés bien plus sur les moyens de connaître que sur la capacité de l’homme quant à la connaissance. Ce point commun est le seul qui les réunit car ils s’opposent sur tout le reste. Les premiers considèrent en effet que l’on connaît grâce aux sens, les seconds affirmant eux que c’est l’entendement qui prime sur l’expérience. Nombre de penseurs illustres se sont inscrits dans l’un ou l’autre de ces deux courants de pensée, Aristote par exemple pour le premier, Platon, ou encore Kant, pour le second. Kant notamment est catégorique sur le sujet, même s’il ouvre la discussion. Partager l'article ! inShare
Karl Marx 1. Marx’s Life and Works Karl Marx was born in Trier, in the German Rhineland, in 1818. The German Ideology, co-written with Engels in 1845, was also unpublished but this is where we see Marx beginning to develop his theory of history. The works so far mentioned amount only to a small fragment of Marx’s opus, which will eventually run to around 100 large volumes when his collected works are completed. 2. The intellectual climate within which the young Marx worked was dominated by the influence of Hegel, and the reaction to Hegel by a group known as the Young Hegelians, who rejected what they regarded as the conservative implications of Hegel’s work. 2.1 ‘On The Jewish Question’ In this text Marx begins to make clear the distance between himself and his radical liberal colleagues among the Young Hegelians; in particular Bruno Bauer. 2.2 ‘Contribution to a Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right, Introduction’ 2.3 Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts 2.4 ‘Theses on Feuerbach’ 3. 4. 5.
Note d’opinion : rationalisme, scepticisme, déterminisme À propos du rationalisme, du scepticisme et du déterminisme Si je devais citer les lieux (1) philosophiques auxquels j’incline à adhérer - exercice évidemment très réducteur -, je choisirais le rationalisme, le scepticisme et le déterminisme (2). Et si j’en parle, ce n’est nullement parce que cela mérite d’être su, mais uniquement en raison du fait qu’il s’agit là d’une conjonction de lieux qui relève a priori du possible (puisque je la vis) et dont je peux tenter de dire quelque chose. Ai-je besoin de préciser que je n’ai pas l’ambition de faire de la philosophie ? 1. Rares sont ceux qui prétendent ne pas s’incliner devant la raison ; mais plus rares encore sont ceux qui, en pratique, lui accordent effectivement la préférence. Comme le dénonce avec force Jacques Bouveresse, nous vivons une époque qui a vu la notion même de vérité mise en cause jusqu’au niveau de sa pertinence. (3) Or, il s’agit là d’un basculement dans l’absurde d’une préoccupation initialement très légitime. 2. 3.
Pragmatic ethics Pragmatic ethics was discussed by John Dewey (pictured) Pragmatic ethics is a theory of normative philosophical ethics. Ethical pragmatists, such as John Dewey, believe that some societies have progressed morally in much the way they have attained progress in science. Contrast with other normative theories[edit] Much as it is appropriate for scientists to act as though a hypothesis were true despite expecting future inquiry to supplant it, ethical pragmatists acknowledge that it can be appropriate to practice a variety of other normative approaches (e.g. consequentialism, deontological ethics, and virtue ethics), yet acknowledge the need for mechanisms which allow society to advance beyond such approaches, a freedom for discourse which does not take any such theory as assumed.[1] Thus, aimed at social innovation, the practice of pragmatic ethics supplements the practice of other normative approaches with what John Stuart Mill called "experiments of living".[2] Criticisms[edit] Notes[edit]
Postmodernism 1. Precursors The philosophical modernism at issue in postmodernism begins with Kant's “Copernican revolution,” that is, his assumption that we cannot know things in themselves and that objects of knowledge must conform to our faculties of representation (Kant 1787). Ideas such as God, freedom, immortality, the world, first beginning, and final end have only a regulative function for knowledge, since they cannot find fulfilling instances among objects of experience. The later nineteenth century is the age of modernity as an achieved reality, where science and technology, including networks of mass communication and transportation, reshape human perceptions. We also find suggestions of de-realization in Nietzsche, who speaks of being as “the last breath of a vaporizing reality” and remarks upon the dissolution of the distinction between the “real” and the “apparent” world. Many postmodern philosophers find in Heidegger a nostalgia for being they do not share. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Strict constructionist Loose constructionist Swing Justice Philosophy and the Hippy Dream - Hippyland Hippies from A to Zby Skip Stone Hippy Philosophy and the Hippy Dream We are stardust, we are golden, and we've got to get ourselves back to the garden. Joni Mitchell/CS&N (Woodstock) So what do hippies want anyway? We all want to change the world. How? It seems as though there's some kind of "land grab" going on, except it's not just land that people are grabbing, it's resources and power. It's a problem of too many people, diminishing resources, human greed, rampant consumerism, and massive development of the few remaining untouched places like the rainforests. I'm just beginning to see... Then on an individual basis, hippies maintain that we must get back in touch with that part of ourselves that we lost. Like a true Nature's child, we were born, born to be wild Steppenwolf (Born to be Wild) Many hippies consider themselves pagan. Gaian philosophy is an outgrowth of paganism. Man's shortsightedness is blinding him to the true nature of the world.
Trigeminal nerve The trigeminal nerve (the fifth cranial nerve, or simply CN V) is a nerve responsible for sensation in the face and motor functions such as biting and chewing. The largest of the cranial nerves, its name ("trigeminal" = tri-, or three and -geminus, or twin; thrice-twinned) derives from the fact that each trigeminal nerve (one on each side of the pons) has three major branches: the ophthalmic nerve (V1), the maxillary nerve (V2), and the mandibular nerve (V3). The ophthalmic and maxillary nerves are purely sensory, and the mandibular nerve has sensory (or "cutaneous") and motor functions.[1] Structure[edit] The three major branches of the trigeminal nerve—the ophthalmic nerve (V1), the maxillary nerve (V2) and the mandibular nerve (V3)—converge on the trigeminal ganglion (also called the semilunar ganglion or gasserian ganglion), located within Meckel's cave and containing the cell bodies of incoming sensory-nerve fibers. Sensory branches[edit] Function[edit] Muscles of mastication[edit]
Desire 1. Theories of Desire There is a simple, conservative theory of desire according to which having a desire is a matter of having dispositions to act. In spite of the variety of theoretical options, the simple, conservative theory of desire—the action-based theory—is the most widely-held theory, making it the appropriate place to begin any discussion. 1.1 Action-Based Theories of Desire Consider a desire for a yellow mango. For an organism to desire p is for the organism to be disposed to act so as to bring about p. This sort of theory has been criticized for being insufficiently restrictive, because it appears to attribute desires to organisms on the basis of mere behavioral tics. For an organism to desire p is for the organism to be disposed to take whatever actions it believes are likely to bring about p. Like their less sophisticated counterparts, more sophisticated action-based theories of desire have been criticized for being insufficiently restrictive. 1.3 Good-Based Theories of Desire