Free climbing Methods and techniques[edit] Both climber and belayer attach the rope to their climbing harness. The rope is tied into the climber's harness with a figure-of-eight loop or double bowline knot. The lead climber typically connects the rope to the protection with carabiners or quickdraws. If the route being climbed is a multi-pitch route the leader sets up a secure anchor system at the top of the pitch, also called a belay, from where s/he can belay as his/her partner climbs. Style[edit] There are no rules per se to free climbing, beyond showing respect for the rock and for other climbers. Over the years, as climbing has become more popular and climbers more skilled, an entire generation of aficionados has been spawned from and with the ethics of climbing gyms and sport climbing. In the newer generation as in previous ones, certain new conventions have emerged as the state of the art changes. Common misunderstandings of the term[edit] The two most common errors are: References[edit]
Oligarchy Form of power structure in which power rests with a small number of people Throughout history, oligarchies have often been tyrannical, relying on public obedience or oppression to exist. Aristotle pioneered the use of the term as meaning rule by the rich,[4] for which another term commonly used today is plutocracy. Minority rule[edit] The exclusive consolidation of power by a dominant religious or ethnic minority has also been described as a form of oligarchy.[8] Examples of this system include South Africa under apartheid, Liberia under Americo-Liberians, the Sultanate of Zanzibar, and Rhodesia, where the installation of oligarchic rule by the descendants of foreign settlers was primarily regarded as a legacy of various forms of colonialism.[8] Putative oligarchies[edit] A business group might be defined as an oligarch if it satisfies the following conditions: Russian Federation[edit] Ukraine[edit] Zimbabwe[edit] United States[edit] See also[edit] References[edit] Further reading[edit]
Tyrant Absolute ruler unrestrained by law or constitution A tyrant (from Ancient Greek τύραννος, túrannos), in the modern English-language usage of the word, is an absolute ruler unrestrained by law, or one who has usurped legitimate sovereignty. Often portrayed as cruel, tyrants may defend their position by oppressive means.[1][2] The original Greek term meant an absolute sovereign who came to power without constitutional right,[3] yet the word had a neutral connotation during the Archaic and early Classical periods.[4] However, Greek philosopher Plato saw tyrannos as a negative word, and on account of the decisive influence of philosophy on politics, its negative connotations only increased, continuing into the Hellenistic period. One can apply accusations of tyranny to a variety of types of government: to government by one individual (in an autocracy)to government by a minority (in an oligarchy, tyranny of the minority)to government by a majority (in a democracy, tyranny of the majority)
Electron beam direct manufacturing Electron beam direct manufacturing, or EBDM for short, is one of many available technologies used to produce a three-dimensional (3D) near net shape[jargon] part or component using an additive layer over layer process, which is commonly referred to as additive manufacturing. EBDM, however, is the first commercially available, large-scale, fully programmable means of achieving near net shape parts.[1] The EBDM process, which has been recently marketed as electron beam freeform fabrication (EBF3), is based on well-established electron beam welding technology that has been used for production processing for nearly 50 years. Process[edit] With the EBDM process, an electron beam gun provides the energy source used for melting metallic feedstock, which is typically wire. Depending on the part being manufactured, deposition rates can range up to 200 cubic inches per hour. As with many layer-additive processes, the EBDM process starts with a 3D CAD model of a part that needs to be produced.
Timocracy Timocracy and property[edit] Solon introduced the ideas of timokratia as a graded oligarchy in his Solonian Constitution for Athens in the early 6th century BC. His was the first known deliberately implemented form of timocracy, allocating political rights and economic responsibility depending on membership of one of four tiers of the population. Pentacosiomedimni – "Men of the 500 bushel", those who produced 500 bushels of produce per year, could serve as generals in the armyHippeis – Knights, those who could equip themselves and one cavalry horse for war, valued at 300 bushels per yearZeugitae – Tillers, owners of at least one pair of beasts of burden, valued at 200 bushels per year, could serve as HoplitesThetes – Manual laborers N. Aristotle later wrote in his Nicomachean Ethics (Book 8, Chapter 10) about three "true political forms" for a state, each of which could appear in corrupt form, becoming one of three negative forms. References[edit] 3.
Aristocracy Aristocracy (Greek ἀριστοκρατία aristokratía, from ἄριστος aristos 'excellent', and κράτος, kratos 'rule') is a form of government that places strength in the hands of a small, privileged ruling class.[1] The term derives from the Greek aristokratia, meaning 'rule of the best'.[2] In practice, aristocracy often leads to hereditary government, after which the hereditary monarch appoints officers as they see fit. However, the term was first used by ancient Greeks such as Aristotle and Plato, who used it to describe a system where only the best of the citizens, chosen through a careful process of selection, would become rulers, and hereditary rule would actually have been forbidden, unless the rulers' children performed best and were better endowed with the attributes that make a person fit to rule compared with every other citizen in the polity.[3][4][5] Hereditary rule is more related to Oligarchy, a corrupted form of Aristocracy where there is rule by a few, but not by the best.
Apprenticeship The profession of thatching is learned through apprenticeship in Germany Carpentry is another profession learned through apprenticeship Apprenticeship is a system of training a new generation of practitioners of a trade or profession with on-the-job training and often some accompanying study (classroom work and reading). Although the formal boundaries and terminology of the apprentice/journeyman/master system often do not extend outside of guilds and trade unions, the concept of on-the-job training leading to competence over a period of years is found in any field of skilled labor. Development[edit] A medieval baker with his apprentice. The system of apprenticeship first developed in the later Middle Ages and came to be supervised by craft guilds and town governments. In Coventry those completing seven-year apprenticeships with stuff merchants were entitled to become freemen of the city.[3] Analogs at universities and professional development[edit] Australia[edit] Austria[edit] Length[edit]
Allegory of the cave Allegory by Plato In the allegory "The Cave," Plato describes a group of people who have lived chained to the wall of a cave all their lives, facing a blank wall. The people watch shadows projected on the wall from objects passing in front of a fire behind them and give names to these shadows. The shadows are the prisoners' reality, but are not accurate representations of the real world. The shadows represent the fragment of reality that we can normally perceive through our senses, while the objects under the sun represent the true forms of objects that we can only perceive through reason. Three higher levels exist: the natural sciences; mathematics, geometry, and deductive logic; and the theory of forms. Socrates explains how the philosopher is like a prisoner who is freed from the cave and comes to understand that the shadows on the wall are actually not the direct source of the images seen. Summary[edit] Allegory of the cave. Imprisonment in the cave[edit] Departure from the cave[edit]
Sparta City-state in ancient Greece Coordinates: Sparta was unique in ancient Greece for its social system and constitution, which were supposedly introduced by the semi-mythical legislator Lycurgus. His laws configured the Spartan society to maximize military proficiency at all costs, focusing all social institutions on military training and physical development. The inhabitants of Sparta were stratified as Spartiates (Spartan citizens with full rights), mothakes (non-Spartan free men raised as Spartans), perioikoi (free residents engaged in commerce), and helots (state-owned serfs, enslaved non-Spartan locals). Sparta was frequently a subject of fascination in its own day, as well as in Western culture following the revival of classical learning. Sparta had a double effect on Greek thought: through the reality, and through the myth.... Names The residents of Sparta were often called Lacedaemonians. Lakedaimona was until 2006 the name of a province in the modern Greek prefecture of Laconia.
Commercial driver's license A commercial driver's license is required to operate a tractor-trailer for commercial use. A commercial driver's license (CDL) is a driver's license required in the United States to operate any type of vehicle weighing more than 26,000 lb (11,793 kg) or more for commercial use, or transports quantities of hazardous materials that require warning placards under Department of Transportation regulations, or that is designed to transport 16 or more passengers, including the driver. This includes, but is not limited to, tow trucks, tractor trailers, and buses.[1] The Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1986 was signed into law on October 27, 1986. Pre-1986[edit] Driving commercial motor vehicles (CMVs), which are primarily tractor-trailers (or Longer Combination Vehicles (LCVs)),[3] requires advanced skills and knowledge above and beyond those required to drive a car or other light weight vehicle. Class definitions[edit] Class A truck Class B truck Class C truck Endorsements[edit] Contents[edit]
Dialectic Discourse method for resolving disagreement by reasoned argument Dialectic (Greek: διαλεκτική, dialektikḗ; related to dialogue; German: Dialektik), also known as the dialectical method, is a discourse between two or more people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to establish the truth through reasoned argumentation. Dialectic resembles debate, but the concept excludes subjective elements such as emotional appeal and the modern pejorative sense of rhetoric.[1][2] Dialectic may thus be contrasted with both the eristic, which refers to argument that aims to successfully dispute another's argument (rather than searching for truth), and the didactic method, wherein one side of the conversation teaches the other. Dialectic is alternatively known as minor logic, as opposed to major logic or critique. Within Hegelianism, the word dialectic has the specialised meaning of a contradiction between ideas that serves as the determining factor in their relationship.
Quadrivium Liberal arts of astronomy, arithmetic, music and geometry The quadrivium consisted of arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy. These followed the preparatory work of the trivium, consisting of grammar, logic, and rhetoric. Origins[edit] The Pythagoreans considered all mathematical science to be divided into four parts: one half they marked off as concerned with quantity, the other half with magnitude; and each of these they posited as twofold. Medieval usage[edit] Woman teaching geometry. At many medieval universities, this would have been the course leading to the degree of Master of Arts (after the BA). The study was eclectic, approaching the philosophical objectives sought by considering it from each aspect of the quadrivium within the general structure demonstrated by Proclus (AD 412–485), namely arithmetic and music on the one hand[9] and geometry and cosmology on the other.[10] Modern usage[edit] See also[edit] References[edit] ^ Kohler, Kaufmann.
Mesh networking Illustration of a mesh network. A mesh network can be designed using a flooding technique or a routing technique. When using a routing technique, the message is propagated along a path, by hopping from node to node until the destination is reached. To ensure all its paths' availability, a routing network must allow for continuous connections and reconfiguration around broken or blocked paths, using self-healing algorithms. The self-healing capability enables a routing based network to operate when one node breaks down or a connection goes bad. Advantages[edit] Point-to-point line configuration makes identification and isolation of faults easy.Messages travel through a dedicated line, directly to the intended recipient; privacy and security are thus enhanced.Should a fault occur in a given link, only those communications between that specific pair of devices sharing the link will be affected. Disadvantages[edit] Wireless mesh networks[edit] Examples[edit] See also[edit] Other topologies[edit]
Analogy of the divided line Platonic philosophical analogy Description[edit] The Divided Line – (AC) is generally taken as representing the visible world and (CE) as representing the intelligible world.[1] In The Republic (509d–510a), Plato describes the divided line this way: Now take a line which has been cut into two unequal parts, and divide each of them again in the same proportion,[2] and suppose the two main divisions to answer, one to the visible and the other to the intelligible, and then compare the subdivisions in respect of their clearness and want of clearness, and you will find that the first section in the sphere of the visible consists of images. And by images I mean, in the first place, shadows, and in the second place, reflections in water and in solid, smooth and polished bodies and the like: Do you understand? The visible world[edit] The intelligible world[edit] Tabular summary of the divided line[edit] [edit] The analogy of the divided line is the cornerstone of Plato's metaphysical framework.