Pattern Pattern is a web mining module for the Python programming language. It has tools for data mining (Google, Twitter and Wikipedia API, a web crawler, a HTML DOM parser), natural language processing (part-of-speech taggers, n-gram search, sentiment analysis, WordNet), machine learning (vector space model, clustering, SVM), network analysis and <canvas> visualization. The module is free, well-document and bundled with 50+ examples and 350+ unit tests. Download Installation Pattern is written for Python 2.5+ (no support for Python 3 yet). To install Pattern so that the module is available in all Python scripts, from the command line do: > cd pattern-2.6 > python setup.py install If you have pip, you can automatically download and install from the PyPi repository: If none of the above works, you can make Python aware of the module in three ways: Quick overview pattern.web pattern.en The pattern.en module is a natural language processing (NLP) toolkit for English. pattern.search pattern.vector Case studies
Analogy _ wikipedia Analogy has been studied and discussed since classical antiquity by philosophers, scientists and lawyers. The last few decades have shown a renewed interest in analogy, most notably in cognitive science. Usage of the terms "source" and "target"[edit] With respect to the terms source and target there are two distinct traditions of usage: Models and theories[edit] Identity of relation[edit] Shared abstraction[edit] Greek philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle actually used a wider notion of analogy. The Middle Age saw an increased use and theorization of analogy. Special case of induction[edit] Premises a is C, D, E, F, G b is C, D, E, F Conclusion b is probably G. Shared structure[edit] According to Shelley (2003), the study of the coelacanth drew heavily on analogies from other fish. Keith Holyoak and Paul Thagard (1997) developed their multiconstraint theory within structure mapping theory. High-level perception[edit] Analogy and Complexity[edit] If the source and target are completely known:
100 days of web mining In this experiment, we collected Google News stories at regular 1-hour intervals between November 22, 2010, and March 8, 2011, resulting in a set of 6,405 news stories. We grouped these per day and then determined the top daily keywords using tf-idf, a measurement of a word's uniqueness or importance. For example: if the word news is mentioned every day, it is not particularly unique at any single given day. To set up the experiment we used the Pattern web mining module for Python.The basic script is simple enough: Your code will probably have some preprocessing steps to save and load the mined news updates. In the image below, important words (i.e., events) that occured across multiple days are highlighted (we took a word's document frequency as an indication). See full size image Simultaneously, we mined Twitter messages containing the words I love or I hate – 35,784 love-tweets and 35,212 hate-tweets in total. Daily drudge Here are the top keywords of hate-tweets grouped by day:
Metonymy _ wikipedia Figure of speech in which something is referred to by the name of an associated thing Metonymy ()[1][2][3] is a figure of speech in which a concept is referred to by the name of something closely associated with that thing or concept.[4] Etymology[edit] The words metonymy and metonym come from Ancient Greek μετωνυμία (metōnumía) 'a change of name'; from μετά (metá) 'after, post, beyond', and -ωνυμία (-ōnumía), a suffix that names figures of speech, from ὄνυμα (ónuma) or ὄνομα (ónoma) 'name'.[5] Background[edit] In addition to its use in everyday speech, metonymy is a figure of speech in some poetry and in much rhetoric. Meaning relationships[edit] Metonymy takes many different forms. Synecdoche uses a part to refer to the whole, or the whole to refer to the part.[10][11][12] Many cases of polysemy originate as metonyms: for example, "chicken" means the meat as well as the animal; "crown" for the object, as well as the institution.[15][16] [edit] Examples[edit] Places and institutions[edit]
Grammatical Features - Aspect Anna Kibort 1. What is 'aspect' The term 'aspect' designates the perspective taken on the internal temporal organisation of the situation, and so 'aspects' distinguish different ways of viewing the internal temporal constituency of the same situation (Comrie 1976:3ff, after Holt 1943:6; Bybee 2003:157). Aspectual meaning of a clause can be broken up into two independent aspectual components (Smith 1991/1997): Aspectual viewpoint - this is the temporal perspective from which the situation is presented. Aspectual meaning of a clause results from the interaction of aspectual viewpoint and situation type. Jump to top of page/ top of section 2. Aspectual characteristics are coded in a wide range of ways: lexical, derivational, or inflectional; synthetic ('morphological') and analytic ('syntactic'). Verbs tend to have inherent aspectual meaning because the situations described by them tend to have inherent temporal properties. Jump to top of page/ top of section 3. 4.
Synecdoche _ wikipedia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Use of a term for a part of something to refer to the whole or vice versa Synecdoche ( sih-NEK-də-kee)[1] is a type of metonymy; it is a figure of speech in which a term for a part of something is used to refer to the whole (pars pro toto), or vice versa (totum pro parte).[2][3][4][5] The term is derived from Ancient Greek συνεκδοχή (sunekdokhḗ) 'simultaneous understanding'. Examples of common English synecdoches include suits for businessmen, wheels for automobile, and boots for soldiers. Definition[edit] Synecdoche (and thus metonymy) is distinct from metaphor,[10] although in the past, it was considered to be a sub-species of metaphor, intending metaphor as a type of conceptual substitution (as Quintilian does in Institutio oratoria Book VIII). Metaphor: changing a word from its literal meaning to one not properly applicable but analogous to it; assertion of identity—rather than likeness as with simile. Classification[edit] Examples[edit] Notes[edit]
True Knowledge — The Internet Answer Engine The Story of Evi Evi was founded in August 2005, originally under the name of True Knowledge, with the mission of powering a new kind of search experience where users can access the world’s knowledge simply by asking for the information they need in a way that is completely natural. The True Knowledge internet answer engine was launched in 2007 to excellent response from users who were not only able to access the wealth of information Evi could provide, but were able to contribute directly to the ever growing database of facts. In 2011 development began on Evi, a brand new AI that advanced on the technology within the True Knowledge platform and which users would be able to interact with via her own mobile app. In October 2012, Evi was acquired by Amazon and is proud to now be part of the Amazon group of companies. What we do? Evi’s mission is to help people get what they want and need through our understanding of each user and the world they live in.
Metalepsis _ wikipedia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Figure of speech Metalepsis (from Greek: μετάληψις) is a figure of speech in which a word or a phrase from figurative speech is used in a new context.[1] Examples[edit] "I've got to catch the worm tomorrow." In Icelandic literature[edit] The word twikent (twice-kenned) is used for once-removed metalepsis involving kennings.[2] If a kenning has more than three elements, it is said to be rekit ("extended").[2] Kennings of up to seven elements are recorded in skaldic verse.[3] Snorri Sturluson characterises five-element kennings as an acceptable license but cautions against more extreme constructions: Níunda er þat at reka til hinnar fimtu kenningar, er ór ættum er ef lengra er rekit; en þótt þat finnisk í fornskálda verka, þá látum vér þat nú ónýtt. Other uses[edit] In a metalepsis, a word is substituted metonymically for a word in a previous trope, so that a metalepsis can be called, maddeningly but accurately, a metonymy of a metonymy. — Harold Bloom[8]
Terminology Extraction Introduction Terminology is the sum of the terms which identify a specific topic. Extracting terminology is the process of extracting terminology from a text. The idea is to compare the frequency of words in a given document with their frequency in the language. Technology It uses Poisson statistics, the Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Inverse Document Frequency between the frequency of words in a given document and a generic corpus of 100 million words per language. Why have we developed this? Translated has developed this technology to help its translators to be aware of the difficulties in a document and to simplify the process of creating glossaries. We also use it to improve search results in traditional search engines (es. I want it! If you are interested in this technology, please read more on Translated Labs and our services for natural language processing. I could do better!
Argument from analogy _ wikipedia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Type of reasoning Structure[edit] The process of analogical inference involves noting the shared properties of two or more things, and from this basis concluding that they also share some further property.[1][2][3] The structure or form may be generalised like so:[1][2][3] P and Q are similar in respect to properties a, b, and c. P has been observed to have further property x. Therefore, Q probably has property x also. The argument does not assert that the two things are identical, only that they are similar. Analysing arguments from analogy[edit] Strength of an analogy[edit] Several factors affect the strength of the argument from analogy: The relevance (positive or negative) of the known similarities to the similarity inferred in the conclusion.[2][3]The degree of relevant similarity (or difference) between the two objects.[2]The amount and variety of instances that form the basis of the analogy.[2] Counterarguments[edit] False analogy[edit] Examples[edit]
NLTK Home (Natural Language Toolkit) Metaphor and metonymy _ wikipedia Forms of human discourse and cognition For non-linguists, a metonym can be considered a low-imagination metaphor, an allusion via an actual property (or close approximation/association of) the concept being substituted (the too on-the-nose referent). E.g., writing by pen and violence by sword in the pen is mightier than the sword.[dubious ] Etymology[edit] The English metaphor derived from the 16th-century Old French word métaphore, which comes from the Latin metaphora, "carrying over", in turn from the Greek μεταφορά (metaphorá), "transfer",[5] from μεταφέρω (metapherō), "to carry over", "to transfer"[6] and that from μετά (meta), "after, with, across"[7] + φέρω (pherō), "to bear", "to carry".[8] The words metonymy and metonym come from the Greek μετωνυμία, metōnymía, "a change of name", from μετά, metá, "after, beyond" (more precisely = "between", "inside"), and -ωνυμία, -ōnymía, a suffix that names figures of speech, from ὄνυμα, ónyma or ὄνομα, ónoma, "name".[9] References[edit]
Figure of speech A figure of speech is the use of a word or a phrase, which transcends its literal interpretation. It can be a special repetition, arrangement or omission of words with literal meaning, or a phrase with a specialized meaning not based on the literal meaning of the words in it, as in idiom, metaphor, simile, hyperbole, personification, or synecdoche. Figures of speech often provide emphasis, freshness of expression, or clarity. Rhetoric originated as the study of the ways in which a source text can be transformed to suit the goals of the person reusing the material. The four fundamental operations[edit] The four fundamental operations, or categories of change, governing the formation of all figures of speech are:[1] addition (adiectio), also called repetition/expansion/superabundanceomission (detractio), also called subtraction/abridgement/lacktransposition (transmutatio), also called transferringpermutation (immutatio), also called switching/interchange/substitution/transmutation