Central dogma of molecular biology Information flow in biological systems The central dogma of molecular biology deals with the detailed residue-by-residue transfer of sequential information. It states that such information cannot be transferred back from protein to either protein or nucleic acid. This has also been described as "DNA makes RNA makes protein. Crick had misapplied the term "dogma" and Crick's proposal had nothing to do with the linguist meaning of "dogma". Biological sequence information[edit] General transfers of biological sequential information[edit] DNA replication[edit] As the first step in the central dogma, DNA replication must occur in order to faithfully transmit genetic material to the progeny of any cell or organism. Transcription[edit] Transcription is the process by which the information contained in a section of DNA is transferred to a newly assembled piece of messenger RNA (mRNA). Translation[edit] Special transfers of biological sequential information[edit] Reverse transcription[edit] Inteins[edit]
Detailed view of a crucial enzymatic complex revealed Researchers led by ETH professor Nenad Ban have now completed the three-dimensional structure of the ribosome from a higher organism. This structure will increase the understanding of this cellular “protein factory” and facilitate the development of novel drugs. The machinery that reads genetic information within a cell and translates it into corresponding proteins, the so-called ribosome, is among the most complex cellular enzymes known in biology. In higher organisms such as fungi, plants and animals (so-called eukaryotes), the ribosome is even more complex than in bacteria. Towards a better understanding of the ribosomal function Comparing the ribosomal structures of both, bacteria and higher organisms, will enable scientists to develop novel specific pharmaceutical compounds against pathogens and pests. Ribosomes of higher organisms have been a major focus at the laboratory of Prof. Reference:
Von Neumann universal constructor The first implementation of von Neumann's self-reproducing universal constructor.[1] Three generations of machine are shown: the second has nearly finished constructing the third. The lines running to the right are the tapes of genetic instructions, which are copied along with the body of the machines. The machine shown runs in a 32-state version of von Neumann's cellular automata environment, not his original 29-state specification. John von Neumann's Universal Constructor is a self-replicating machine in a cellular automata (CA) environment. Von Neumann's specification defined the machine as using 29 states, these states constituting means of signal carriage and logical operation, and acting upon signals represented as bit streams. Purpose[edit] Von Neumann's design has traditionally been understood to be a demonstration of the logical requirements for machine self-replication.[3] However it is clear that far simpler machines can achieve self-replication. Implementation[edit] C.
Nenad Ban's scientific work is regarded as a milestone in biochemical research Professor Nenad Ban, distinguished Croatian scientist ETH Professor Nenad Ban, Timm Maier, Marc Leibundgut and Simon Jenni (left to right) were so successful with their work on the structural analyses of fatty acid synthases in mammals and fungi that they had two publications in the same issue of "Science".See The architecture of fatty acid factories. Professor Nenad Ban and his research group - The Ban Lab, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland 2010. Older photos. Thomas A. Formated for CROWN by prof.dr. Personal Nanofactories (PNs) These pages, marked with GREEN headings, are published for comment and criticism. These are not our final findings; some of these opinions will probably change. LOG OF UPDATES CRN Research: Overview of Current Findings Personal Nanofactories (PNs) NOTE: This page is a summary of, and permanent link to, a CRN authored paper originally published in the peer-reviewed Journal of Evolution and Technology. Overview: A key area of study for CRN is the question of how quickly nanofactory technology will develop. DEVIL'S ADVOCATE — Submit your criticism, please! (Sorry, no one has complained about this page yet, and we couldn't think of anything to write. Next Page: Products of Molecular Nanotechnology Previous Page: Timeline for Molecular Nanotechnology Title Page: Current Results — Overview
The melanoma epidemic? Don't panic it's all a terrible mistake By Professor Sam Shuster Updated: 09:20 GMT, 10 August 2010 Summer is a marvellous time. And, of course, it's also holiday time. But in recent years our delight in the sun has been clouded by bullying health warnings. Don't cover up all summer: Some exposure to the sun is good for you Health organisations that should know better, but rarely do, would have us shun the all-too-short glory of our summer days. Next, they'll even be ordering us to shut our curtains during the hours of daylight! As a result, the killjoys spread their terrifying message, and parents are made to feel unreasonably guilty if they as much as let their children out in the sun unprotected for a minute or two. But if all this miserable propaganda has got you scared and worried, you shouldn't be. Because the evidence is that the message promoted by the anti-sun brigade isn't true. This ageing loss occurs at the same rate of one per cent a year whether your skin is exposed to the sun or whether it isn't.
Anthony Atala Anthony Atala, M.D., is the W.H. Boyce Professor and Director of the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, and Chair of the Department of Urology at Wake Forest School of Medicine in North Carolina.[1] Regenerative medicine is "a practice that aims to refurbish diseased or damaged tissue using the body's own healthy cells." [1] Biography[edit] Atala was born in Peru in 1958,[2] grew up in Coral Gables, Florida.[1] Atala attended the University of Miami and has an undergraduate degree in Psychology.[2] He went to medical school at the University of Louisville where he also completed his residency in urology. Atala continued his work in Tissue engineering and Printable organs[5] after moving to Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center and the School of Medicine in 2004.[6] Atala led the team that developed the first lab-grown organ, a bladder, to be implanted into a human.[7] [8] Aside from his groundbreaking research, Atala also tends to clinical and administrative responsibilities.
Is sun exposure a major cause of melanoma? No Sam Shuster, honorary consultant Author Affiliations sam@shuster.eclipse.co.uk Every summer we are reminded about the dangers of the sun. Scott Menzies (doi: 10.1136/bmj.a763) argues that the risks of malignant melanoma are real, but Sam Shuster is unconvinced The list of harmful things grows daily, freshly mined by descriptive epidemiology, a substitute for research that confuses association with cause. There is solid descriptive, quantitative, and mechanistic proof that ultraviolet rays cause the main skin cancers (basal and squamous). Disappearing Needles: Vaccine-Delivery Patch with Dissolving Microneedles Eliminates “Sharps” Waste and Improves Protection « Georgia Tech Research News A new vaccine-delivery patch based on hundreds of microscopic needles that dissolve into the skin could allow persons without medical training to painlessly administer vaccines – while providing improved immunization against diseases such as influenza. An array of 36 dissolving microneedles is shown here on a fingertip for size comparison. (Click image for high-resolution version. Credit: Jeong-Woo Lee) Patches containing micron-scale needles that carry vaccine with them as they dissolve into the skin could simplify immunization programs by eliminating the use of hypodermic needles – and their “sharps” disposal and re-use concerns. Details of the dissolving microneedle patches and immunization benefits observed in experimental mice were reported July 18th in the advance online publication of the journal Nature Medicine. An array of 100 dissolving microneedles is shown here on a U.S. penny coin for size comparison. Writer: John Toon Be Sociable, Share!