Earth system science

Earth system science seeks to integrate various fields of academic study to understand the Earth as a system. It considers interaction between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere (geosphere), biosphere,[1] and heliosphere.[2] In 1996, the American Geophysical Union, in cooperation with the Keck Geology Consortium and with support from five divisions within the National Science Foundation, convened a workshop "to define common educational goals among all disciplines in the Earth sciences." In its report, participants noted that, "The fields that make up the Earth and space sciences are currently undergoing a major advancement that promotes understanding the Earth as a number of interrelated systems." Recognizing the rise of this systems approach, the workshop report recommended that an Earth system science curriculum be developed with support from the National Science Foundation.[3] Definition[edit] Inspiration in the Gaia theory[edit] The programmes have stated the following:

Earth science - Wikipedia Fields of natural science related to Earth Earth science or geoscience includes all fields of natural science related to the planet Earth.[1] This is a branch of science dealing with the physical, chemical, and biological complex constitutions and synergistic linkages of Earth's four spheres: the biosphere, hydrosphere/cryosphere, atmosphere, and geosphere (or lithosphere). Earth science can be considered to be a branch of planetary science, but with a much older history. There are reductionist and holistic approaches to Earth sciences. Earth sciences can include the study of geology, the lithosphere, and the large-scale structure of Earth's interior, as well as the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Geology[edit] Earth's interior[edit] Atmospheric science[edit] Atmospheric science initially developed in the late-19th century as a means to forecast the weather through meteorology, the study of weather. Earth's magnetic field[edit] Hydrology[edit] Ecology[edit] Physical geography[edit]

Earth spheres Wili The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to earth science: Earth's spheres[edit] The Earth's spheres are the many "spheres" into which the planet Earth is divided. The four most often recognized are the atmosphere, the biosphere, the hydrosphere and the geosphere. As a whole, the system is sometimes referred to as an ecosphere. Branches of earth science[edit] Geology[edit] Geography[edit] Soil science[edit] Atmospheric science[edit] Oceanography[edit] Glaciology[edit] Glaciology Geoinformatics[edit] History of earth science[edit] Main article: History of earth science; see also History of geology Earth science topics[edit] Main article: List of earth science topics See also[edit] List of geoscience organizations References[edit] External links[edit]

Anthroposphere - Wikipedia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Part of the environment that is affected by humans The anthroposphere (sometimes also referred as the technosphere) is that part of the environment that is made or modified by humans for use in human activities and human habitats. It is one of the Earth's spheres.[1] The term was first used by nineteenth-century Austrian geologist Eduard Suess. The contemporary concept of the technosphere was first proposed as a concept by American geologist and engineer Peter Haff, of Duke University.[2] It has been estimated that as of 2016 the total weight of the anthroposphere - that is, human generated structures and systems - was 30 trillion tons.[3] The anthroposphere can be viewed as a human-generated equivalent to the biosphere, which is why some authorities consider it synonymous with the noosphere. Technofossils are another interesting aspect of the anthroposphere. See also[edit] References[edit] External links[edit]

Home Outline of Earth sciences - Wikipedia The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Earth science: Earth science is a branch of the physical sciences which is a part of the natural sciences. It in turn has many branches. Earth's spheres[edit] Branches of Earth science[edit] Atmospheric science[edit] Atmospheric sciences Environmental science[edit] Environmental science – an integrated, quantitative, and interdisciplinary approach to the study of environmental systems. Ecology – scientific study of the distribution and abundance of living organisms and how the distribution and abundance are affected by interactions between the organisms and their environment. Geology[edit] Geography[edit] Geography Geoinformatics[edit] Geoinformatics Glaciology[edit] Glaciology Oceanography[edit] Oceanography Soil science[edit] Soil science History of Earth science[edit] History of Earth science – history of the all-embracing sciences related to the planet Earth. Earth science programs[edit] NASA Earth Science See also[edit]

Earth System Science Anthropocene Proposed geologic epoch for present time Various start dates for the Anthropocene have been proposed, ranging from the beginning of the Neolithic Revolution 12,000–15,000 years ago, to as recently as the 1960s. The ratification process is still ongoing, and thus a date remains to be definitively decided on. In May 2019, the Anthropocene Working Group (AWG) voted in favour of submitting a formal proposal to the ICS by 2021,[6] locating potential stratigraphic markers to the mid-20th century of the common era.[7][6][8] This time period coincides with the start of the Great Acceleration, a post-WWII time period during which global population growth, socioeconomic activities, land developments, pollutions and exploitation of natural resources have all increased at a dramatic rate,[9] and the Atomic Age, when the risks of nuclear wars, arm races, trafficking/terrorism and accidents have become a concerning reality. Although the biologist Eugene F. Development of the concept[edit] Debates[edit]

Bézier Curve Given a set of control points , the corresponding Bézier curve (or Bernstein-Bézier curve) is given by where is a Bernstein polynomial and . A "rational" Bézier curve is defined by is the order, are the Bernstein polynomials, are control points, and the weight of is the last ordinate of the homogeneous point . The Bézier curve always passes through the first and last control points and lies within the convex hull of the control points. and at the endpoints. Undesirable properties of Bézier curves are their numerical instability for large numbers of control points, and the fact that moving a single control point changes the global shape of the curve.