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Earth system science Wiki

Earth system science Wiki
Earth system science seeks to integrate various fields of academic study to understand the Earth as a system. It considers interaction between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere (geosphere), biosphere,[1] and heliosphere.[2] In 1996, the American Geophysical Union, in cooperation with the Keck Geology Consortium and with support from five divisions within the National Science Foundation, convened a workshop "to define common educational goals among all disciplines in the Earth sciences." Definition[edit] The Science Education Resource Center, Carleton College, offers the following definition: "Earth system science embraces chemistry, physics, biology, mathematics and applied sciences in transcending disciplinary boundaries to treat the Earth as an integrated system and seeks a deeper understanding of the physical, chemical, biological and human interactions that determine the past, current and future states of the Earth. Inspiration in the Gaia theory[edit] Scientific journals[edit]

Earth spheres Wili The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to earth science: Earth's spheres[edit] The Earth's spheres are the many "spheres" into which the planet Earth is divided. Branches of earth science[edit] Geology[edit] Geography[edit] Soil science[edit] Atmospheric science[edit] Oceanography[edit] Glaciology[edit] Glaciology Geoinformatics[edit] History of earth science[edit] Main article: History of earth science; see also History of geology Earth science topics[edit] Main article: List of earth science topics See also[edit] List of geoscience organizations References[edit] External links[edit]

DYNAMO (programming language) Simulation language & graphical notation DYNAMO was designed to emphasize the following: ease-of-use for the industrial dynamics modeling community (who were not assumed to be expert programmers);immediate execution of the compiled model, without producing an intermediate object file; andproviding graphical output, with line printer and pen plotter graphics. Among the ways in which DYNAMO was above the standard of the time, it featured units checking of numerical types and relatively clear error messages. Home Emergence In philosophy, systems theory, science, and art, emergence is a process whereby larger entities, patterns, and regularities arise through interactions among smaller or simpler entities that themselves do not exhibit such properties. Emergence is central in theories of integrative levels and of complex systems. For instance, the phenomenon life as studied in biology is commonly perceived as an emergent property of interacting molecules as studied in chemistry, whose phenomena reflect interactions among elementary particles, modeled in particle physics, that at such higher mass—via substantial conglomeration—exhibit motion as modeled in gravitational physics. Neurobiological phenomena are often presumed to suffice as the underlying basis of psychological phenomena, whereby economic phenomena are in turn presumed to principally emerge. In philosophy, emergence typically refers to emergentism. In philosophy[edit] Main article: Emergentism Definitions[edit] Strong and weak emergence[edit]

Earth System Science System dynamics Dynamic stock and flow diagram of model New product adoption (model from article by John Sterman 2001) System dynamics is an approach to understanding the behaviour of complex systems over time. It deals with internal feedback loops and time delays that affect the behaviour of the entire system.[1] What makes using system dynamics different from other approaches to studying complex systems is the use of feedback loops and stocks and flows. These elements help describe how even seemingly simple systems display baffling nonlinearity. Overview[edit] System dynamics (SD) is a methodology and mathematical modeling technique for framing, understanding, and discussing complex issues and problems. Convenient GUI system dynamics software developed into user friendly versions by the 1990s and have been applied to diverse systems. System dynamics is an aspect of systems theory as a method for understanding the dynamic behavior of complex systems. History[edit] Topics in systems dynamics[edit]

Bézier Curve Given a set of control points , the corresponding Bézier curve (or Bernstein-Bézier curve) is given by where is a Bernstein polynomial and . A "rational" Bézier curve is defined by is the order, are the Bernstein polynomials, are control points, and the weight of is the last ordinate of the homogeneous point . The Bézier curve always passes through the first and last control points and lies within the convex hull of the control points. and at the endpoints. Undesirable properties of Bézier curves are their numerical instability for large numbers of control points, and the fact that moving a single control point changes the global shape of the curve.

Fixes that fail Fixes that fail is a system archetype that in system dynamics is used to describe and analyze a situation, where a fix effective in the short-term creates side effects for the long-term behaviour of the system and may result in the need of even more fixes.[1] This archetype may be also known as fixes that backfire[2] or corrective actions that fail.[3] It resembles the Shifting the burden archetype.[4] Description[edit] In a "fixes that fail" scenario the encounter of a problem is faced by a corrective action or fix that seems to solve the issue. However, this action leads to some unforeseen consequences. They form then a feedback loop that either worsens the original problem or creates a related one.[2][3] Fig. 1: Causal loop diagram In system dynamics this is described by a circles of causality (Fig. 1) as a system consisting of two feedback loops. Representation of the long-term disadvantages of the scenario can be seen on Fig. 2. Fig. 2: Behavior over time Fig. 3: Stock and flow diagram

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