Game Theory First published Sat Jan 25, 1997; substantive revision Wed May 5, 2010 Game theory is the study of the ways in which strategic interactions among economic agents produce outcomes with respect to the preferences (or utilities) of those agents, where the outcomes in question might have been intended by none of the agents. The meaning of this statement will not be clear to the non-expert until each of the italicized words and phrases has been explained and featured in some examples. Doing this will be the main business of this article. First, however, we provide some historical and philosophical context in order to motivate the reader for the technical work ahead. 1. The mathematical theory of games was invented by John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern (1944). Despite the fact that game theory has been rendered mathematically and logically systematic only since 1944, game-theoretic insights can be found among commentators going back to ancient times. 2. 2.1 Utility
Parataxic distortion Parataxic distortion is a psychiatric term first used by Harry S. Sullivan to describe the inclination to skew perceptions of others based on fantasy. The "distortion" is a faulty perception of others, based not on actual experience with the other individual, but on a projected fantasy personality attributed to the individual. The fantasy personality is created in part from past experiences and from expectations as to how the person 'should be', and is formulated in response to emotional stress. Parataxic distortion is difficult to avoid because of the nature of human learning and interaction. Etymology[edit] From the Greek παράταξις, "placement side by side" Para - A Greek prefix which came to designate objects or activities auxiliary to or derivative of that denoted by the base word ( parody; paronomasia, paranoia) and hence abnormal or defective. Taxic - indicating movement towards or away from a specified stimulus. Interpersonal relationships and emotions[edit] Attachment theory[edit]
Immanuel Kant Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) is one of the greatest figures in philosophy. Kant was a professor of philosophy and sciences, and eventually logic and metaphysics at the University of Königsberg. Kant called his insights on knowledge “the Copernican revolution in philosophy” (comparing his impact on philosophy to Copernicus’ impact on astronomy). He believed that ideas can have truth independant of reality outside of our minds, that reality is known only when it conforms to the mind that holds its knowledge. According to Kant, all that which lies outside of experience is unknowable, but, contrary to the phenomenological view of German idealism that would come later, it is necessary to presume that outside things exist. Kant's view is known as transcendental idealism. Kant also discusses the flaws in the metaphysical, that many metaphysical concepts, such as the existence of god(s) or freedom, can neither be disproven nor proven with proper reasoning alone. Works Vitals
The psychology of the powerful 6 October 2012Last updated at 00:06 ET By Philippa Roxby Health reporter, BBC News Jokers can be a useful reminder of human fallibility World leaders are often accused of hubris, of wielding power in arrogant and self-serving ways. Leaders and managers in public life rarely escape criticism when they make unpopular decisions either. So are leaders losing touch with reality when they act in a power-hungry way? According to psychologist Guy Claxton, professor of learning sciences at the University of Winchester, their actions could be to do with "a disorder of intelligence". At a Royal Society of Medicine conference this week, entitled The Intoxication Of Power, Prof Claxton says that human intelligence is made up of four different mental systems working in harmony. When one of these systems is not used, the decision-making process can become unreliable and potentially dangerous. Continue reading the main story “Start Quote Politics can become dangerous. "None of these systems is infallible.
Philosophical Quotes, Thought-Provoking Sayings Related Quotes Hmmm Philosophy Truth Wise Words We are more often treacherous through weakness than through calculation. ~François VI de la Rochefoucault A man with one watch knows what time it is; a man with two watches is never quite sure. ~Lee Segall Begin at the beginning... and go on till you come to the end: then stop. Believe those who are seeking the truth; doubt those who find it. Beware lest you lose the substance by grasping at the shadow. Only that in you which is me can hear what I'm saying. I am a part of all that I have met. There's more to the truth than just the facts. The obscure we see eventually. Even a clock that does not work is right twice a day. Losing an illusion makes you wiser than finding a truth. If a man who cannot count finds a four-leaf clover, is he lucky? We are all but recent leaves on the same old tree of life and if this life has adapted itself to new functions and conditions, it uses the same old basic principles over and over again. You are the sky.
Freud's *The Interpretation of Dreams* Chapter 1, Section D Back to Psych Web Home Page Back to The Interpretation of Dreams Table of Contents D. Why Dreams Are Forgotten After Waking That a dream fades away in the morning is proverbial. The forgetting of dreams is treated in the most detailed manner by Strumpell. In the first place, all those factors which induce forgetfulness in the waking state determine also the forgetting of dreams. * Periodically recurrent dreams have been observed repeatedly. According to Strumpell, other factors, deriving from the relation of the dream to the waking state, are even more effective in causing us to forget our dreams. Finally, we should remember that the fact that most people take but little interest in their dreams is conducive to the forgetting of dreams. It is therefore all the more remarkable, as Strumpell himself observes, that, in spite of all these reasons for forgetting the dream, so many dreams are retained in the memory. Jessen (p. 547) expresses himself in very decided terms: The observations of V.
SCHOPENHAUER'S 38 STRATAGEMS, OR 38 WAYS TO WIN AN ARGUMENT Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860), was a brilliant German philosopher. These 38 Stratagems are excerpts from "The Art of Controversy", first translated into English and published in 1896. Carry your opponent's proposition beyond its natural limits; exaggerate it. The more general your opponent's statement becomes, the more objections you can find against it. (abstracted from the book:Numerical Lists You Never Knew or Once Knew and Probably Forget, by: John Boswell and Dan Starer) kenopsia The Dictionary of Obscure Sorrows is a compendium of invented words written by John Koenig. Each original definition aims to fill a hole in the language—to give a name to emotions we all might experience but don’t yet have a word for. The author's mission is to capture the aches, demons, vibes, joys and urges that roam the wilderness of the psychological interior. ▸ visit the facebook page to hear the backstory behind each word ▸ follow on twitter (@obscuresorrows) for whatever reason ▸ send me a tumblr message describing emotions you need words for ▸ send me an email via obscuresorrows@gmail.com JOHN KOENIG is a designer and commercial director who lives in St. He is currently writing a book version of The Dictionary of Obscure Sorrows. Copyright © 2013 John Koenig.
106 Excuses That Prevent You From Ever Becoming Great The following is a rare guest post, this time coming from Tommy Walker. Tommy Walker is an Online Marketing Strategist and host of “Inside the Mind” a fresh and entertaining video show about Internet Marketing Strategy. Be honest. On any given day, you have tasks you’d like to finish because you know they’d positively impact your business, and tasks you actually do. You trick yourself into thinking that keeping up with industry news, and reading the latest “10 tips to ______” post is “working”. You know better, but some part of you believes that simply reading the article will help you move forward. That having a deep understanding of all things online marketing will better position you when the time is right. But that time doesn’t come. Something is holding you back, and you can’t quite put your finger on it. You may have one excuse; you may have several. What follows are 106 of the most common excuses you might tell yourself. You don’t have the knowledge. “Google.” Spend time to find it. A.)
The Reality of Repressed Memories In 1990, a landmark case went to trial in Redwood City, California. The defendant, George Franklin, Sr., 51 years old, stood trial for a murder that had occurred more than 20 years earlier. The victim, 8-year-old (Susan Kay Nason, was murdered on September 22, 1969). Franklin's daughter, Eileen, only 8 years old herself at the time of the murder, provided the major evidence against her father. Eileen's memory did not come back all at once. Eileen's memory report was believed by her therapist, by several members of her family, and by the San Mateo County district attorney's office, which chose to prosecute her father. Eileen's detailed and confident memory impressed a number of people. On the other hand, the clinical anecdotes and the loose theory used to explain them remain unconvincing to some psychotherapists and to many laboratory researchers. More Repressed Memories Soon after the Franklin case, a string of others involving newly emerged distant memories appeared in the media.
The Analysis of mind, by Bertrand Russell. Russell, Bertrand, 1872-1970. . The Analysis of mind, by Bertrand Russell. Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library | Table of Contents for this work | | All on-line databases | Etext Center Homepage | There are certain occurrences which we are in the habit of calling "mental." I wish in these lectures to analyse as fully as I can what it is that really takes place when we, e.g. believe or desire. The reasons which I shall give against this theory will be mainly derived from previous authors. (2) Indirect reasons, derived from observation of animals (comparative psychology) and of the insane and hysterical (psycho-analysis). Few things are more firmly established in popular philosophy than the distinction between mind and matter. The stuff of which the world of our experience is composed is, in my belief, neither mind nor matter, but something more primitive than either. sense above them both, like a common ancestor. First, there is the way of perception. exists.