Duat This article is about the Egyptian underworld. For the evergreen tree, see Jambul. For the aviation weather service, see DUATS. In Egyptian mythology, Duat (pronounced "do-aht") (also Tuat and Tuaut or Akert, Amenthes, Amenti, or Neter-khertet) is the realm of the dead. What we know of the Duat principally derives from funerary texts such as Book of Gates, Book of Caverns, Coffin Texts, Amduat and the Book of the Dead. A section of the Egyptian Book of the Dead written on papyrus showing the Weighing of the Heart in Duat where Anubis can be seen on the far right, the scales are shown with the feather balance, and Ammit awaits hearts that she must devour – the presence of Osiris at the gateway to the paradise of Aaru dates the papyrus to a late tradition of the myth. The geography of Duat is similar in outline to the world the Egyptians knew. If the deceased successfully passed these unpleasant demons, he or she would reach the Weighing of the Heart. References Bibliography Faulkner, R.
Le concept de Maât / site "Immortelle Égypte" Un peu d'histoire » L'Égypte pharaonique : Pharaons et Reines La pensée philosophique des anciens Égyptiens était étroitement liée à leurs croyances religieuses. La société égyptienne était basée sur le concept de Maât qui signifie équilibre et ordre. Pour les anciens Égyptiens, la conduite idéale était à la fois pratique et religieuse. Les textes tels que le Livre des morts mettent en évidence les vertus de charité, de bienfaisance, de prudence, de justice sociale, de clémence et de quête du savoir. La déesse Maât est une entité symbolisant la norme universelle : l'équilibre établi par le Créateur, la justice qui permet d'agir selon le droit, l'ordre qui fait conformer les actes de chacun aux lois, la vérité, la droiture et la confiance. La déesse Maât Article original : sur Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. Au-delà de cette première approche, le concept est un peu plus complexe. La mort et Maât À une époque plus tardive, maât signifie également la vérité ou la connaissance juste de soi.
Nile Delta Delta produced by the Nile River at its mouth in the Mediterranean Sea Coordinates: 30°54′N 31°7′E / 30.900°N 31.117°E / 30.900; 31.117 NASA satellite photograph of the Nile Delta (shown in false color) The Nile Delta at night as seen from the ISS in October 2010. The Nile Delta (Arabic: دلتا النيل Delta an-Nīl or simply الدلتا ad-Delta) is the delta formed in Lower Egypt where the Nile River spreads out and drains into the Mediterranean Sea. Geography[edit] From north to south, the delta is approximately 160 km (99 mi) in length. The Suez Canal is east of the delta and enters the coastal Lake Manzala in the north-east of the delta. The Nile is considered to be an "arcuate" delta (arc-shaped), as it resembles a triangle or flower when seen from above. In modern day, the outer edges of the delta are eroding, and some coastal lagoons have seen increasing salinity levels as their connection to the Mediterranean Sea increases. History[edit] Ancient branches of the Nile[edit] Population[edit]
Book of the Netherworld The Enigmatic Book of the Netherworld is a two-part ancient Egyptian funerary text found on the second shrine in KV62, the tomb of the pharaoh Tutankhamun. It is speculated that the book covers the creation and rebirth of the sun; however, the true meaning of the book is not known due to the use of cryptographic illustrations to preserve the secrecy of the formulae. The Enigmatic Book of the Netherworld is broken into three sections that incorporate other funerary texts, such as the Book of the Dead and the Amduat. Other enigmatic books have been found in the tombs of Ramesses IX and Ramesses V. References[edit] Jump up ^ Ancient Egyptian Books of the Afterlife by Hornung, Erik 1999Cornell University PressJump up ^ Life and Death of a Pharaoh: Tutankhamen by Desrochnes-Noblecourt published 1963 New YorkJump up ^ An Enigmatic Book of the Netherworld From A Shrine of Tutankhamun by Taylor Ray Ellison Bibliography[edit] Hornung, Erik (1999).
Maat (Egyptian Goddess) Maat. In Egyptian mythology, Maat is the goddess of order, the world's balance, equity, peace, truth and justice. It is the antithesis of Isfet (the god of chaos, injustice, social disorder). Maat is an entity symbolizing the universal standard: a balance established by the Creator, which allows Justice to act according to the law, truth, honesty and trust. Unlike most Egyptian gods which were depicted with animal features, Maat is always anthropomorphic, and like most abstract concepts is personified as a woman, usually sitting on her heels, or standing. Maat is usually depicted as dressed in the long tight-fitting dress of the goddesses and as wearing the jewelry of the gods. Maat is the first divine dimension: she is the mother of Ra but she is also the daughter and wife of Ra and the mystical sister of the Pharaoh. Thus, Maat is fundamentally linked to the Pharaonic institution: the first duty of the pharaoh is to enforce the law of Maat throughout Egypt.
Afterlife Ancient Egyptian papyrus depicting the journey into the afterlife. Paradise of Bhaishajyaguru discovered at the Mogao Caves. [edit] In metaphysical models, theists generally believe some sort of afterlife awaits people when they die. Members of some generally non-theistic religions such as Buddhism, tend to believe in an afterlife, but without reference to a God. The Sadducees were an ancient Jewish sect that generally believed that there was a God but no afterlife. Many religions, whether they believe in the soul's existence in another world like Christianity, Islam and many pagan belief systems, or in reincarnation like many forms of Hinduism and Buddhism, believe that one's status in the afterlife is a reward or punishment for their conduct during life. Reincarnation[edit] Reincarnation refers to an afterlife concept found among Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, Sikhs, Rosicrucians, Theosophists, Spiritists, and Wiccans. Heaven and hell[edit] Limbo[edit] Purgatory[edit] Ancient religions[edit]
Book of Gates Another rendering. Categories[edit] The most famous part of the Book of Gates today refers to the different races of humanity known to the Egyptians, dividing them up into four categories that are now conventionally labelled "Egyptians", "Asiatics", "Libyans", and "Nubians". These are depicted in procession entering the next world. The text and images associated with the Book of Gates appear in many tombs of the New Kingdom, including all the pharaonic tombs between Horemheb and Ramesses VII. The goddesses listed in the Book of Gates each have different titles, and wear different coloured clothes, but are identical in all other respects, wearing a five pointed star above their heads. The titles of the goddesses[edit] See also[edit] Book of the Dead References[edit] Jump up ^ Hornung, Erik. External links[edit] Sacred texts - Gate
concepts metaphysiques Les Egyptiens pensaient que tout individu se composait de sept éléments: le corps, le nom, l’ombre le cœur, l’akh, le ba et le ka; certains de ces termes sont malaisés à appréhender car ces notions n'existent pas dans notre concept corps, âme et esprit. Les termes de Akh, Ba et Ka désignent les composantes de la partie spirituelle des hommes Ba représenté sous la forme d'un oiseau Tombe N° 359 à Deir El Medina Représenté comme un oiseau à tête humaine, le ba est l'énergie de communication, de transformation et de déplacement de chaque personne. Le corps djet (ou sab ou khet) matériel, est le réceptacle des composantes de la personnalité telles que le ba, le ka, l'akh, l'ombre ou le nom. Ka du roi Hor (fin du moyen empire) Il représente le double immatériel de l'être et incarne les forces vitales de chacun. Le ka était présent aussi bien chez les dieux que chez les hommes. Akh Ce terme est souvent traduit par « transfiguré » faute de mieux. Pesée du coeur
Underworld Yggdrasil, a modern attempt to reconstruct the Norse world tree which connects the heavens, the world, and the underworld. The legs of the god Vishnu as the Cosmic Man depict earth and the seven realms of the Hindu underworld of Patala. The feet rest on cosmic serpent Shesha. The underworld is the world of the dead in various religious traditions, located below the world of the living.[1] Chthonic is the technical adjective for things of the underworld. The concept of an underworld is found in almost every civilization, and "may be as old as humanity itself".[2] Common features of underworld myths are accounts of living people making journeys to the underworld, often for some heroic purpose. By mythology[edit] This list includes underworlds in various mythology, with links to corresponding articles. Underworld figures[edit] This list includes rulers or guardians of the underworld in various mythologies, with links to corresponding articles. See also[edit] References[edit] ^ "Underworld".
Book of the Earth Fifth division: A scene from "Book of Caverns" from the tomb of Ramses V./VI. (KV9, chamber E, right wall) Original Sources[edit] The scenes were found on all of the walls of the tombs of Ramesses VI and Ramesses VII. There were a few additional scenes found on the walls of other royal tombs extending from the New Kingdom to the Late Period, but since many scene from the Book were scattered around, the ordering of the illustrations is slightly convoluted.[1] Jean-François Champollion was the first one to publish the scenes and texts from the tomb of Ramesses VI in his Monuments de l'Egypte where he deciphered the hieroglyphs depicted in the tombs. Structure of the Book[edit] Although it is uncertain, it is believed that the surviving panels of the original composition were each divided into three registers. Scholars believe that the Book consists of two halves with one half containing scenes of punishment. The Book's Content[edit] Part E[edit] Part D[edit] Part C[edit] Part B[edit] Part A[edit]
La signification des couleurs pour les anciens Egyptiens dans l'Egypte ancienne "Parmi tous les systèmes d'écriture au monde, l'écriture hiéroglyphique est unique grâce à la possibilité supplémentaire qu'elle offre de différencier les signes par les couleurs. Ainsi, l'homme est de couleur rouge, la femme de couleur jaune, une convention que l'on retrouve également dans le domaine des arts plastiques de l'Egypte ancienne. Erik Hornung - "L'esprit du temps des Pharaons" le ciel l'eau les coiffures des personnages - masculins et féminins formes géométriques et édifices en plan le fer (matière) cornes des ongulés (également le vert) il arrive parfois que le corps du Dieu se pare de couleurs en rapport avec sa nature : ainsi les chairs d'Amon sont parfois bleues, comme il convient à une divinité en rapport avec le souffle et le vent Les trois teintes de bleu correspondent à trois symboliques différentes : le bleu clair évoque l'air, le ciel. univers aquatique du Nil image de la maternité la déesse Hathor est la déesse de la turquoise(mefkat) l'eau - parfois
Mendes Place in Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt The city is located in the eastern Nile delta ( WikiMiniAtlas History[edit] In ancient times, Mendes was a famous city that attracted the notice of most ancient geographers and historians, including Herodotus (ii. 42, 46. 166), Diodorus (i. 84), Strabo (xvii. p. 802), Mela (i. 9 § 9), Pliny the Elder (v. 10. s. 12), Ptolemy (iv. 5. § 51), and Stephanus of Byzantium (s. v.). Religion[edit] The chief deities of Mendes were the ram deity Banebdjedet (lit. The ram deity of Mendes was described by Herodotus in his History[2] as being represented with the head and fleece of a goat: "...whereas anyone with a sanctuary of Mendes or who comes from the province of Mendes, will have nothing to do with (sacrificing) goats, but uses sheep as his sacrificial animals... Ruins[edit] A cemetery of sacred rams was discovered in the northwest corner of Tell El-Ruba. Notes[edit] ^ Fletcher, Joann (2008). References[edit] External links[edit]
Book of the Dead This detail scene, from the Papyrus of Hunefer (ca. 1275 BCE), shows the scribe Hunefer's heart being weighed on the scale of Maat against the feather of truth, by the jackal-headed Anubis. The ibis-headed Thoth, scribe of the gods, records the result. If his heart equals exactly the weight of the feather, Hunefer is allowed to pass into the afterlife. If not, he is eaten by the waiting chimeric devouring creature Ammit composed of the deadly crocodile, lion, and hippopotamus. The Book of the Dead is an ancient Egyptian funerary text, used from the beginning of the New Kingdom (around 1550 BCE) to around 50 BCE.[1] The original Egyptian name for the text, transliterated rw nw prt m hrw[2] is translated as "Book of Coming Forth by Day".[3] Another translation would be "Book of emerging forth into the Light". The Book of the Dead was part of a tradition of funerary texts which includes the earlier Pyramid Texts and Coffin Texts, which were painted onto objects, not papyrus. Spells[edit]