Knowledge representation and reasoning Knowledge representation and reasoning (KR) is the field of artificial intelligence (AI) devoted to representing information about the world in a form that a computer system can utilize to solve complex tasks such as diagnosing a medical condition or having a dialog in a natural language. Knowledge representation incorporates findings from psychology about how humans solve problems and represent knowledge in order to design formalisms that will make complex systems easier to design and build. Knowledge representation and reasoning also incorporates findings from logic to automate various kinds of reasoning, such as the application of rules or the relations of sets and subsets. Overview[edit] Knowledge-representation is the field of artificial intelligence that focuses on designing computer representations that capture information about the world that can be used to solve complex problems. This hypothesis was not always taken as a given by researchers. History[edit] Characteristics[edit]
Color Theory A page from the "Causes of Color" exhibit... Color theory is a human construct. We need ways to define what we mean by color, and how colors can be ordered, related to each other, and adjusted to become new colors. Color theory attempts to meld together the facts we have about color in a way that gives us common ground to discuss and use colors. Color is a perception, a response of the brain to data received by the visual systems. What is real is that objects emit light in various mixtures of wavelengths. Early studies of the nature of color The detailed understanding of the science of color began in 1666, when Isaac Newton, using two prisms, observed that white light was composed of all the colors of the rainbow, and could be identified and ordered.
Sociology of knowledge The sociology of knowledge is the study of the relationship between human thought and the social context within which it arises, and of the effects prevailing ideas have on societies. It is not a specialized area of sociology but instead deals with broad fundamental questions about the extent and limits of social influences on individual's lives and the social-cultural basics of our knowledge about the world.[1] Complementary to the sociology of knowledge is the sociology of ignorance[2] including the study of nescience, ignorance, knowledge gaps or non-knowledge as inherent features of knowledge making.[3] [4] [5] The sociology of knowledge was pioneered primarily by the sociologists Émile Durkheim and Marcel Mauss at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. Their works deal directly with how conceptual thought, language, and logic could be influenced by the sociological milieu out of which they arise. Schools[edit] Émile Durkheim[edit] Karl Mannheim[edit] Robert K.
Computer - Kurs04_4- Endnote English In EndNote there are effective tools available to manage the database: The tool Find Full Text search in Internet and makes full text available as attachment. The Term Lists help entering text to optain a consistent database Duplicate references can be detected. The text can be changed in the fields simultaneously in many selected references. Essential to a structured database is the creation of groups to which references can be assigned. Find Full Text In Find Full Text is a EndNote feature, you are able to access the full text (entire article) and combined it with a reference. Open the reference (Double-clicking) Menu Reference : Find Full Text... Note: The search can take a very long time! Tips:At University of Tübingen the access to full text (pdf-file of the article) is controlled by IP-number. To configure the Find Full Text. Menu Edit : Prefereces : Find Full text : Open URL Path Typical LinkResolver are: MPG: BVB: Groups
Information literacy The United States National Forum on Information Literacy defines information literacy as " ... the ability to know when there is a need for information, to be able to identify, locate, evaluate, and effectively use that information for the issue or problem at hand."[1][2] Other definitions incorporate aspects of "skepticism, judgement, free thinking, questioning, and understanding A number of efforts have been made to better define the concept and its relationship to other skills and forms of literacy. History of the concept[edit] The phrase information literacy first appeared in print in a 1974 report by Paul G. The Presidential Committee on Information Literacy released a report on January 10, 1989, outlining the importance of information literacy, opportunities to develop information literacy, and an Information Age School. The Alexandria Proclamation linked Information literacy with lifelong learning. On May 28, 2009, U.S. Presidential Committee on Information Literacy[edit]
Computer - Kurs04_3- Endnote In EndNote stehen effektive Werkzeuge für die Verwaltung der Datenbank zur Verfügung : Den Volltext, das ist meist eine pdf-Datei, kann im Internet gesucht werden. Bei einer pdf-Datei wird die Datei als Anhang mit der Referenz verbunden. Die Term Lists helfen bei der Eingabe eine konsistente Datenbank zu erhalten. Doppelte Referenzen lassen sich aufspüren. Es kann der Text in den Feldern in vielen Referenzen gleichzeitig mit einem Klick geändert werden. Wesentlich für eine strukturierte Datenbank ist die Erstellung von Gruppen, denen Referenzen zugewiesen werden kann. Durch die Indizierung der Datenbank kann eine schnelle Suche durchgeführt werden. Find Full Text In EndNote ist eine Funktion eingebaut, die Volltexte mit einer Referenz verbinden.Beachte, nicht jeder Text ist als Volltext zugänglich. Referenz öffnen Menü Reference : Find Full Text... Achtung: Die Suche kann sehr lange dauern! Die Find Full Text Suche muss eventuell konfiguriert werden. Typische LinkResolver sind: Term Lists
State of the art The term "state of the art" refers to the highest level of general development, as of a device, technique, or scientific field achieved at a particular time. It also refers to the level of development (as of a device, procedure, process, technique, or science) reached at any particular time as a result of the common methodologies employed. The term has been used since 1910, and has become both a common term in advertising and marketing, and a legally significant phrase with respect to both patent law and tort liability. Origin and history[edit] Over time, use of the term increased in all fields where this kind of art has a significant role.[5] In this relation it has been quoted by the author that "Although eighteenth century writers did not use the term, there was indeed in existence a collection of scientific and engineering knowledge and expertise that can be identified as the state of the art for that time".[5] Legal importance[edit] Patent law[edit] Tort liability[edit] See also[edit]
Computer - Kurs04_2-Reference Manager Übungsaufgaben Übersicht Programme Wikipedia Naturwissenschaftler müssen sich über ein bestimmtes Gebiet auf dem Laufenden halten. Darüber hinaus ist es notwendig sich schnell in ein neues Gebiet einzuarbeiten. Mit dem Gang zur Bibliothek, Zettelkasten oder Literaturlisten ist das nicht mehr zu bewältigen. Zum Glück werden inzwischen alle Artikel in wissenschaftlichen Zeitschriften über das Internet Online angeboten.Spezialisierte Programme, die Literaturverwaltungsprogramme helfen dabei die gesuchten Artikel aufzuspüren. Beim Erstellen einer Abschlussarbeit oder wissenschaftlichen Publikation hilft das Programm die Literaturliste in das richtige Format zu bekommen. In der Datenbank werden die Literaturzitate bestimmte Themenbereiche und Stichwörtern zugeordnet. Einige Programme verfügen kann Online zugegriffen werden.Dadurch haben mehrere Wissenschaftler gleichzeitig Zugang auf eine gemeinsame Literaturdatenbank. Merkmale von Literaturverwaltungsprogrammen Office 2007/10/13 - Word EndNote
The Theory of Knowledge The Theory of Knowledge The Theory of KnowledgeWhat is Scientific Method?Limits of EmpiricismPrejudice Against DialecticsStalinist Caricature "It is the customary fate of new truths to begin as heresies and to end as superstitions." The basic assumption underlying all science and rational thought in general is that the physical world exists, and that it is possible to understand the laws governing objective reality. "Indeed, it’s hard to imagine how science could exist if they didn’t. The same is true of the human race in general. It is the illusion of every epoch that it represents the ultimate peak of all human achievements and wisdom. The history of science shows how economical the human mind is. As Eric J. The development of science proceeds through an infinite series of successive approximations. "The first discoveries were realisation that each change of scale brought new phenomena and new kinds of behaviour. Should we therefore despair of ever achieving the whole truth? And again:
Computer - Kurs04_3 - Web20 Was ist Web 2.0? Web 2.0 wird eine neue Generation von Anwendungen im Internet genannt (Wikipedia). Der Begriff ist seit 2006 populär und wird von vielen neuen Techniken im Internet begründet. Das Hauptkennzeichen von Web 2.0 ist, dass die Benutzer zu Autoren werden und ihr Wissen mitteilen können und am Internet direkt beteiligt sind. Die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten entwickeln sich rasant und für die Lehre stellt die Uni Tübingen Lernplattformen wie ILIAS und moodle zur Verfügung. In einer Studie von 2008 geben 98% der Studenten an lehrveranstaltungsbegleitende digitale Materialien zu nutzen und 22 % nutzen jetzt schon interaktive Lehrangebote. Plattformen an der Universität Tübingen Die Organisation der Computer und Netzwerke an der Universität Tübingen wird von dem "Zentrum für Datenverarbeitung der Universität Tübingen" - ZDV entwickelt und aufrecht erhalten. Webseite Das ZDV bietet eine Fülle von Diensten an. E-Mail, Drucker, Computerpool, WLAN, Zugang Internet...Dienstleistungen Webmail e!