Borderline personality disorder The disorder is recognized in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Because a personality disorder is a pervasive, enduring, and inflexible pattern of maladaptive inner experiences and pathological behavior, there is a general reluctance to diagnose personality disorders before adolescence or early adulthood.[5] However, some emphasize that without early treatment the symptoms may worsen.[6] There is an ongoing debate about the terminology of this disorder, especially the suitability of the word "borderline".[7][8] The ICD-10 manual refers to the disorder as Emotionally unstable personality disorder and has similar diagnostic criteria. In the DSM-5, the name of the disorder remains the same as in previous editions.[5] Signs and symptoms[edit] Symptoms include: Emotions[edit] While people with BPD feel joy intensely, they are especially prone to dysphoria, or feelings of mental and emotional distress. Behavior[edit] Self-harm and suicide[edit] Sense of self[edit]
Mental illness in media Critique of media portrayal of mental illness Mental illnesses, also known as psychiatric disorders, are often inaccurately portrayed in the media. Films, television programs, books, magazines, and news programs often stereotype the mentally ill as being violent, unpredictable, or dangerous, unlike the great majority of those who experience mental illness.[1] As media is often the primary way people are exposed to mental illnesses, when portrayals are inaccurate, they further perpetuate stereotypes, stigma, and discriminatory behavior.[2] When the public stigmatizes the mentally ill,[3] people with mental illnesses become less likely to seek treatment or support for fear of being judged or rejected by the public.[4] However, with proper support, not only are most of those with psychiatric disorders able to function adequately in society, but many are able to work successfully and make substantial contributions to society.[5] History[edit] Film and television[edit] Portrayals in film[edit]
Dialectical behavior therapy Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is a therapy designed to help people change patterns of behavior that are not effective, such as self-harm, suicidal thinking and substance abuse. This approach works towards helping people increase their emotional and cognitive regulation by learning about the triggers that lead to reactive states and helping to assess which coping skills to apply in the sequence of events, thoughts, feelings and behaviors that lead to the undesired behavior. DBT assumes that people are doing the best that they can, but either are lacking the skills or are influenced by positive or negative reinforcement that interfere with one’s functioning. DBT is a modified form of cognitive-behavioral therapy that was originally [timeframe?] developed by Marsha M. Overview[edit] Linehan observed "burn-out" in therapists after coping with "non-motivated" patients who repudiated cooperation in successful treatment. All DBT can be said to involve two components: Four modules[edit]
Misophonia Disorder of decreased tolerance to specific sounds Medical condition Misophonia (or selective sound sensitivity syndrome, sound-rage) is a disorder of decreased tolerance to specific sounds or their associated stimuli, or cues. These cues, known as "triggers", are experienced as unpleasant or distressing and tend to evoke strong negative emotional, physiological, and behavioral responses that are not seen in most other people.[4] Misophonia and misophonic symptoms can adversely affect the ability to achieve life goals and enjoy social situations. Reactions to trigger sounds range from annoyance to anger, with possible activation of the fight-or-flight response. Origin of term[edit] The term was coined in 2001 by professor Pawel Jastreboff and doctor Margaret M. The term "misophonia" was first used in a peer-reviewed journal in 2002.[15] Before that, the disorder was more commonly called "Selective Sound Sensitivity Syndrome", or "4S", named by audiologist Marsha Johnson. Mechanism[edit]
Trauma model of mental disorders Theory in psychopathology The trauma model of mental disorders, or trauma model of psychopathology, emphasises the effects of physical, sexual and psychological trauma as key causal factors in the development of psychiatric disorders, including depression and anxiety[1] as well as psychosis,[2] whether the trauma is experienced in childhood or adulthood. It conceptualises people as having understandable reactions to traumatic events rather than suffering from mental illness. People are traumatised by a wide range of people, not just family members. Trauma models thus highlight stressful and traumatic factors in early attachment relations and in the development of mature interpersonal relationships. History[edit] From the 1940s to the 1970s prominent mental health professionals proposed trauma models as a means of understanding schizophrenia, including Harry Stack Sullivan, Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, Theodore Lidz, Gregory Bateson, Silvano Arieti and R.D. Critiques[edit] See also[edit]
Bipolar disorder in children Bipolar disorder in children, or pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD), is a rare mental disorder in children and adolescents. The diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children has been heavily debated for many reasons including the potential harmful effects of adult bipolar medication use for children. Since 1980, the DSMTooltip Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders has specified that the criteria for bipolar disorder in adults can also be applied to children with some adjustments based on developmental differences.[5] Genetics and environment are considered risk factors for the development of bipolar disorder with the exact cause unknown at this time. Therefore, diagnosis of bipolar disorder requires evaluation by a professional and diagnosis of PBD typically requires more in depth observation due to children's inability to properly report symptoms. Causes[edit] Diagnosis[edit] Diagnosis is made based on a clinical interview by a licensed mental health professional. History[edit]
Mental disorders and gender Gender is correlated with the prevalence of certain mental disorders Sigmund Freud postulated that women were more prone to neurosis because they experienced aggression towards the self, which stemmed from developmental issues. Freud's postulation is countered by the idea that societal factors, such as gender roles, may play a major role in the development of mental illness. When considering gender and mental illness, one must look to both biology and social/cultural factors to explain areas in which men and women are more likely to develop different mental illnesses. Gender differences in mental health[edit] Gender-specific risk factors[edit] Gender-specific risk factors increase the likelihood of getting a particular mental disorder based on one's gender. Anxiety[edit] Gender is not a significant factor in predicting the effectiveness of pharmacological interventions or cognitive behavioral therapy in treating GAD.[16] Depression[edit] Postpartum depression[edit] Eating disorders[edit]
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Mental health literacy Mental health literacy has been defined as "knowledge and beliefs about mental disorders which aid their recognition, management and prevention. Mental health literacy includes the ability to recognize specific disorders; knowing how to seek mental health information; knowledge of risk factors and causes, of self-treatments, and of professional help available; and attitudes that promote recognition and appropriate help-seeking".[1] The concept of mental health literacy was derived from health literacy, which aims to increase patient knowledge about physical health, illnesses, and treatments.[2] Framework[edit] Mental health literacy has three major components: recognition, knowledge, and attitudes. Recognition[edit] Recognition can be broken down into symptom or illness recognition. The recognition of difference between knowledge and attitudes is a crucial part of the mental health literacy framework. Knowledge[edit] Attitudes[edit] Public outlook[edit] Military[edit] Measures[edit]
Child Mania Rating Scale Background[edit] The Child Mania Rating Scale (CMRS) was created as a complement already existing measures like the Altman Self-Rating Mania Scale and the Young Mania Rating Scale, which were formulated for adults. The purpose of the CMRS is to both assess the symptoms of mania in pediatric bipolar disorder, and to accurately discriminate the symptoms of mania from symptoms of ADHD.[1] It is important that the CMRS accurately discriminate from symptoms of ADHD because core symptoms of adolescent Bipolar Disorder and ADHD are shared between the two disorders: hyperactivity, impulsivity, and distractibility.[5] The CMRS was designed specifically for younger children who may or may not have the ability to accurately answer questions about their behavior. Historically, effective rating and diagnosis of mania has been limited. Versions[edit] Reliability and validity[edit] Reliability[edit] The teacher version (CMRS-T) also has 21 items. Validity[edit] Development and history[edit] Impact[edit]
Impulse-control disorder Class of mental disorders characterized by an inability to resist temptations or urges Medical condition Impulse-control disorder (ICD) is a class of psychiatric disorders characterized by impulsivity – failure to resist a temptation, an urge, or an impulse; or having the inability to not speak on a thought. Many psychiatric disorders feature impulsivity, including substance-related disorders, behavioral addictions, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, conduct disorder and some mood disorders. Types[edit] Disorders characterized by impulsivity that were not categorized elsewhere in the DSM-IV-TR were also included in the category "Impulse-control disorders not elsewhere classified". Sexual compulsion[edit] Sexual compulsion includes an increased urge in sexual behavior and thoughts. Internet addiction[edit] Compulsive shopping[edit] Pyromania[edit] Mechanism[edit]
Psychiatry Initial psychiatric assessment of a person typically begins with a case history and mental status examination. Psychological tests and physical examinations may be conducted, including on occasion the use of neuroimaging or other neurophysiological techniques. Mental disorders are broadly diagnosed in accordance with criteria listed in diagnostic manuals such as the widely used Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), published by the American Psychiatric Association, and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), edited and used by the World Health Organization. The fifth edition of the DSM (DSM-5) was published in 2013, and its development was expected to be of significant interest to many medical fields.[1] The combined treatment of psychiatric medication and psychotherapy has become the most common mode of psychiatric treatment in current practice,[2] but current practice also includes widely ranging variety of other modalities. Etymology[edit] no data