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Elementary Concepts in Statistics

Elementary Concepts in Statistics
In this introduction, we will briefly discuss those elementary statistical concepts that provide the necessary foundations for more specialized expertise in any area of statistical data analysis. The selected topics illustrate the basic assumptions of most statistical methods and/or have been demonstrated in research to be necessary components of our general understanding of the "quantitative nature" of reality (Nisbett, et al., 1987). We will focus mostly on the functional aspects of the concepts discussed and the presentation will be very short. What are Variables? Variables are things that we measure, control, or manipulate in research. Correlational vs. Most empirical research belongs clearly to one of these two general categories. Dependent vs. Independent variables are those that are manipulated whereas dependent variables are only measured or registered. Measurement Scales Nominal variables allow for only qualitative classification. Relations between Variables .005 or p

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SPSS, Tutorial, deutsch, Literatur zu SPSS, Tutorials, Dialogfelder, Dialogfeld, Flash Tutorial, Statistik, FU, Berlin, Informationen zu SPSS-Lizenzen SPSS-Tutorials (deutsch) Übersicht zu den vorhandenen Flash-Animationen Datenzugang: Aufbau einer Datendatei Datenimport über die ODBC-Schnittstelle Datenaufbereitung: Berechnen von Informationen Klassifizieren von Variablen über Umkodieren Umkodieren von Variablen Selektieren I - Vergleichsoperatoren Selektieren II - logische Operatoren Selektieren III - komplexe Bedingungen Datenanalyse: Deskriptive Statistik Testen I - Testen auf Unterschiede (t-Test unabh. Stichproben - U-Test) Testen II - Testen auf Unterschiede (t-Test abh. Zum effektiven Umgang mit dem Programm: Editieren von Tabellen im Ausgabefenster Verwendung von Syntaxanweisungen Verwendung von Syntaxanweisungen - erweiterte Version SPSS und R - Installation und Nutzung SPSS und R mit Grafik - Demonstration der Anwendung Verwendung von Makros Verwendung von Skripten Datenzugang Tutorial zum Aufbau einer Datendatei (Flash-Animation) Tutorial zum Datenimport über die ODBC-Schnittstelle (Flash-Animation) Datenaufbereitung Testen

StatNotes: Topics in Multivariate Analysis, from North Carolina State University Looking for Statnotes? StatNotes, viewed by millions of visitors for the last decade, has now been converted to e-books in Adobe Reader and Kindle Reader format, under the auspices of Statistical Associates Publishers. The e-book format serves many purposes: readers may cite sources by title, publisher, year, and (in Adobe Reader format) page number; e-books may be downloaded to PCs, Ipads, smartphones, and other devices for reference convenience; and intellectual property is protected against piracy, which had become epidemic. Click here to go to the new Statnotes website at . Or you may use the Google search box below to search the website, which contains free e-books and web pages with overview summaries and tables of contents. Or you may click on a specific topic below to view the specific overview/table of contents page.

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Using SPSS for Nominal Data (Binomial and Chi-Squared Tests) Using SPSS for Nominal Data:Binomial and Chi-Squared Tests This tutorial will show you how to use SPSS version 12.0 to perform binomial tests, Chi-squared test with one variable, and Chi-squared test of independence of categorical variables on nominally scaled data. This tutorial assumes that you have: Downloaded the standard class data set (click on the link and save the data file) Started SPSS (click on Start | All Programs | SPSS for Windows | SPSS 12.0 for Windows) Loaded the standard data set Binomial Test The binomial test is useful for determining if the proportion of people in one of two categories is different from a specified amount. SPSS assumes that the variable that specifies the category is numeric. As always, we will perform the basic steps in hypothesis testing: Write the hypotheses: H0: P = .5 H1: P ≠ .5 Where P is the proportion of people who selected cats.Determine if the hypotheses are one- or two-tailed. The output tells us that there are two groups: DOG and CAT.

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PCR 1) Add the following to a microfuge tube: 10 ul reaction buffer 1 ul 15 uM forward primer 1 ul 15 uM reverse primer 1 ul template DNA 5 ul 2 mM dNTP 8 ul 25 mM MgCl2 or MgSO4 (volume variable) water (to make up to 100 ul) 2) Place tube in a thermocycler. 3) Start the PCR cycles according the following schemes: a) denaturation - 94 ° C, 30-90 sec. b) annealing - 55 °C (or -5° Tm), 0.5-2 min. c) extension - 72 °C, 1 min. repeat cycles 29 times 4) Add a final extension step of 5 min. to fill in any uncompleted polymerisation. Note: Most of the parameters can be varied to optimise the PCR (more at Tavi's PCR guide ): a) Mg ++ - one of the main variables - change the amount added if the PCR result is poor. b) Template DNA concentration - PCR is very powerful tool for DNA amplification therefore very little DNA is needed. c) Enzymes used - Taq DNA polymerase has a higher error rate (no proof-reading 3' to 5' exonuclease activity) than Tli or Pfu . h) Additives - i) PCR buffer 16.6 mM ammonium sulfate

Web Analytics Solution Profiler (WASP) Seq Anal Each gene has a specific sequence of nucleotides, commonly called its DNA sequence. Once we have cloned a gene into a plasmid we can determine the sequence of the DNA using the dideoxynucleotide method either manually or by using automated sequencers. To seqeunce DNA, the DNA is first denatured, producing a single stranded template. A specific primer is then added which binds to the template. Free nucleotides (dATP, dCTP, dGTP and dTTP), dATP labeled with a fluorescent dye or a radioactive element, and DNA polymerase are added, and DNA synthesis is begun. After a few minutes the sample is split into four new tubes, and dideoxynucleotides (ddATP, ddCTP, ddGTP and ddTTP) are added. One then subjects the gel to autoradiography (manual technique) or looks for fluorescent dyes (automated technique) to determine the location of each band. Click on either sequencing gel to the right to learn more about the steps involved in DNA sequencing.

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